$$TI = \rac{TD_{50}}{ED_{50}}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structure of a virus?

Accepted Answer

An acellular infectious agent composed of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat

Question 2

Which viral replication strategy involves the integration of viral DNA into the host genome, potentially leading to cancer?

Accepted Answer

Lysogenic replication

Question 3

A virus with a single-stranded RNA genome that acts directly as mRNA upon infection is classified as:

Accepted Answer

Positive-sense RNA virus

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a potential cytopathic effect (CPE) of viral infection?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial cell wall synthesis

Question 5

Which element is required by autotrophic microbes for growth?

Accepted Answer

CO2 as a carbon source

Question 6

A facultative anaerobe is best described as an organism that:

Accepted Answer

Can grow with or without oxygen

Question 7

Which temperature classification describes microbes that thrive at high temperatures, such as those found in hot springs?

Accepted Answer

Thermophiles

Question 8

During which phase of the bacterial growth curve do bacteria rapidly increase in number?

Accepted Answer

Log (exponential) phase

Question 9

Which physical method of microbial control is most effective for sterilizing heat-sensitive liquids?

Accepted Answer

Filtration

Question 10

Which chemical method is commonly used to disinfect surfaces and is effective against a broad range of microbes?

Accepted Answer

Halogens (chlorine, iodine)

Question 11

The therapeutic index of a drug is defined as:

Accepted Answer

The ratio of the toxic dose to the effective dose

Question 12

Which mechanism of antibiotic action targets bacterial cell wall synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a synergistic effect in antimicrobial therapy?

Accepted Answer

Two drugs work better together than alone

Question 14

Which of the following viruses is associated with cancer due to integration of its genome into host DNA?

Accepted Answer

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes a heterotroph?

Accepted Answer

Uses organic carbon

Question 16

Which method of microbial control damages DNA using UV or ionizing radiation?

Accepted Answer

UV radiation

Question 17

A patient is infected with a virus that causes cell fusion and the formation of multinucleated giant cells. This cytopathic effect is known as:

Accepted Answer

Syncytia formation

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct formula for calculating the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?

Accepted Answer

$$TI = \rac{TD_{50}}{ED_{50}}$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world example of a physical method used to control microbial growth in hospitals?

Accepted Answer

Use of HEPA filters in ventilation systems

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why viruses are not classified as living organisms?

Accepted Answer

They cannot reproduce independently outside a host cell

Viruses, Microbial Growth, and Control of Microbial Growth: Study Notes

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