Question 1

Which of the following statements best distinguishes viruses from typical bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Viruses lack an ATP-generating mechanism and must use a host cell to multiply.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a pathogen that passes through bacteriological filters, lacks ribosomes, and is not sensitive to antibiotics. Which of the following is the most likely identity of this pathogen?

Accepted Answer

Virus

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why most viruses infect only specific types of cells in one host?

Accepted Answer

Viruses require specific host attachment sites and compatible cellular factors.

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct description of a viral envelope?

Accepted Answer

A lipid, protein, and carbohydrate coating that surrounds some viruses.

Question 5

A patient is diagnosed with a viral infection caused by a virus that uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA from its RNA genome. Which virus family is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Retroviridae

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the lytic cycle of a T-even bacteriophage?

Accepted Answer

The phage causes lysis and death of the host cell after producing new phage particles.

Question 7

Which of the following is a key difference between the multiplication of DNA-containing animal viruses and RNA-containing animal viruses?

Accepted Answer

DNA viruses replicate their DNA in the nucleus using viral enzymes, while RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm using RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Question 8

A laboratory technician observes clearings on a lawn of bacteria after adding a viral sample to an agar plate. What is the most likely explanation for these clearings?

Accepted Answer

The clearings are plaques formed by lysis of bacteria due to bacteriophage infection.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes a viroid?

Accepted Answer

A small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecule with no protein coat.

Question 10

Which of the following is a characteristic of prion diseases?

Accepted Answer

They are inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, and surgical instruments.

Question 11

A patient presents with cold sores that recur during periods of stress. Which type of viral infection does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Latent viral infection

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the process of specialized transduction in bacteriophages?

Accepted Answer

Specific bacterial genes are transferred to another bacterium via a lysogenic phage.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct match between a virus family and a disease it causes?

Accepted Answer

Herpesviridae – cold sores

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why viruses are not considered living organisms?

Accepted Answer

They lack ribosomes and cannot generate ATP independently.

Question 15

A virus is found to have a single-stranded RNA genome that serves directly as mRNA for protein synthesis. Which term best describes this genome?

Accepted Answer

ssRNA; + (sense) strand

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage?

Accepted Answer

Attachment → Penetration → Biosynthesis → Maturation → Release

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of oncogenes in cancer development?

Accepted Answer

Oncogenes are mutated genes that cause uncontrolled cell growth and division.

Question 18

A researcher is using PCR to identify a viral infection. What is the main advantage of this technique?

Accepted Answer

It amplifies specific nucleic acid sequences of the virus for detection.

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world example of a persistent viral infection?

Accepted Answer

Measles virus causing subacute sclerosing panencephalitis years after initial infection.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the enzyme reverse transcriptase in the viral life cycle?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes DNA from an RNA template.

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions: Structure, Classification, and Comparison with Bacteria

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