Question 1

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes viruses from bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Viruses lack ATP-generating mechanisms.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a virus that has a lipid envelope, glycoprotein spikes, and a helical capsid. Which of the following best describes how this virus is most likely released from the host cell?

Accepted Answer

By budding from the host cell membrane

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why viruses are sensitive to interferon but not to antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

Interferon targets viral protein synthesis, while antibiotics target bacterial cell walls.

Question 4

A nonenveloped polyhedral virus with spikes is most likely to:

Accepted Answer

Use its spikes for attachment to host cells.

Question 5

Which of the following is the correct taxonomic ending for a viral family?

Accepted Answer

-viridae

Question 6

In the laboratory, bacteriophages are often quantified using the plaque method. What does each plaque represent?

Accepted Answer

A single virus that has lysed a bacterial cell

Question 7

Which of the following is a key difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages?

Accepted Answer

The lytic cycle results in immediate lysis of the host cell, while the lysogenic cycle integrates viral DNA into the host genome.

Question 8

A DNA virus replicates its genome in the host cell nucleus using viral enzymes. Which family does this virus most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Adenoviridae

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the replication of a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus?

Accepted Answer

The viral RNA is transcribed to a positive-sense strand to serve as mRNA.

Question 10

Which of the following viruses is associated with the development of cancer due to integration of its genome into host DNA?

Accepted Answer

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Question 11

A patient presents with cold sores that recur during periods of stress. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A latent viral infection

Question 12

Which of the following statements about prions is correct?

Accepted Answer

Prions are infectious proteins that cause spongiform encephalopathies.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why plant viruses often require wounds or insect vectors to infect plant cells?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell walls are impermeable to viruses.

Question 14

Which of the following laboratory techniques would be most useful for identifying an influenza virus in a patient sample?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 15

A virus with a single-stranded RNA genome that uses reverse transcriptase to produce DNA is classified as:

Accepted Answer

Retroviridae

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of viral spikes (glycoproteins) on the surface of enveloped viruses?

Accepted Answer

They mediate attachment to specific host cell receptors.

Question 17

Which of the following is a key feature of a transformed cell caused by an oncogenic virus?

Accepted Answer

It harbors a tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) on its surface.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between a viroid and a prion?

Accepted Answer

A viroid is a short piece of naked RNA, while a prion is a misfolded protein.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why continuous cell lines are more practical than primary cell lines for culturing viruses?

Accepted Answer

Continuous cell lines can be maintained through many generations.

Question 20

A patient is diagnosed with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) years after a measles infection. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A persistent viral infection

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions: Structure, Classification, and Replication

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