Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by digestive enzymes?

$$\text{Substrate} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \xrightarrow{\text{Enzyme}} \text{Products}$$

Q: Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for the movement of water-soluble nutrients after absorption?

$$\text{Small intestine} \rightarrow \text{Capillaries} \rightarrow \text{Hepatic portal vein} \rightarrow \text{Liver}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the small intestine in the digestive process?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of nutrients due to its large surface area created by circular folds, villi, and microvilli

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a deficiency in bile production. Which organ is most likely impaired, and what is the primary consequence for digestion?

Accepted Answer

Liver; impaired fat emulsification and absorption

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by digestive enzymes?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Substrate} + 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} \xrightarrow{	ext{Enzyme}} 	ext{Products}$$

Question 4

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the pancreas to release bicarbonate into the small intestine, and what is the effect on pH?

Accepted Answer

Secretin; increases pH

Question 5

A person consumes a meal high in long-chain fatty acids. Through which system are these nutrients primarily transported after absorption?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic system via the thoracic duct

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why enzyme activity in the digestive tract is reduced at very high temperatures?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes are denatured, losing their functional shape

Question 7

A patient with celiac disease has flattened villi in the small intestine. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Decreased absorption of nutrients

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for the movement of water-soluble nutrients after absorption?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Small intestine} ightarrow 	ext{Capillaries} ightarrow 	ext{Hepatic portal vein} ightarrow 	ext{Liver}$$

Question 9

Which digestive disorder is most directly associated with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and frequent use of NSAIDs?

Accepted Answer

Ulcers

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)?

Accepted Answer

Regulates the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach and prevents reflux

Question 11

A patient presents with gallstones. Which of the following is NOT a typical risk factor for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Young age and low body weight

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the gut microbiome in the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Generation of vitamin K and biotin, which are absorbed by the body

Question 13

Which hormone slows gastric motility and stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder?

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 14

Which of the following best describes peristalsis?

Accepted Answer

Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of circular and longitudinal muscles to propel food through the GI tract

Question 15

A patient is unable to absorb fat-soluble vitamins efficiently. Which structure is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Lacteals in the villi

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the total surface area increase in the small intestine due to circular folds, villi, and microvilli?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Surface area} = 	ext{Length} 	imes 	ext{Circular folds factor} 	imes 	ext{Villi factor} 	imes 	ext{Microvilli factor}$$

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why a person with metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is at increased risk for cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

MAFLD is associated with abnormal blood lipids and high blood pressure, both of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct example of an enzyme-substrate relationship in the digestive system?

Accepted Answer

Lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides

Question 19

A patient is experiencing frequent diarrhea and abdominal pain. Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the colon?

Accepted Answer

Ulcerative colitis

Chapter 3: Digestion, Absorption, and Transport: The Human Body & Digestion

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