Question 1

Which of the following minerals is primarily found in the intracellular fluid and plays a key role in maintaining cell membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

Potassium

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness and irregular heart rhythms. Blood tests reveal low serum magnesium. Which food would be most effective in correcting this deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Leafy green vegetables

Question 3

Which vitamin acts as an antioxidant and is found in high concentrations in nuts and seeds?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin E

Question 4

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between vitamin D and calcium?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D enhances intestinal absorption of calcium.

Question 5

A child is born with a neural tube defect. Which nutrient deficiency is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Folate

Question 6

Which of the following is a pro-vitamin that can be converted into an active vitamin in the body?

Accepted Answer

Beta-carotene

Question 7

Which process is responsible for the formation of free radicals in the body?

Accepted Answer

Normal metabolic reactions such as cellular respiration

Question 8

A person is experiencing dehydration. Which of the following best describes the physiological definition of dehydration?

Accepted Answer

Loss of water and electrolytes from the body

Question 9

Which of the following is a rich food source of phosphorus?

Accepted Answer

Soft drinks

Question 10

Which of the following statements about osteoblasts and osteoclasts is correct?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts build bone tissue, while osteoclasts break down bone tissue.

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of water in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Regulates body temperature through sweating

Question 12

A patient is diagnosed with hypercalcemia. Which of the following is a potential complication associated with this condition?

Accepted Answer

Kidney stones

Question 13

Which of the following is a heme source of iron?

Accepted Answer

Beef steak

Question 14

Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis and whose deficiency is most likely in smokers?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Question 15

Which equation best describes the movement of water across a cell membrane in response to electrolyte concentration?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration via osmosis: $$ J = -D \frac{dC}{dx} $$

Question 16

Which of the following dietary changes would most effectively help maintain normal blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increase potassium-rich foods

Question 17

Which antioxidant vitamin is most effective in protecting cell membranes from free radical damage?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin E

Question 18

Which of the following factors can decrease the percentage of water in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Increased body fat

Question 19

Which of the following is a major function of iodine in the body?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of thyroid hormones

Question 20

A person consumes an energy drink containing high levels of caffeine and sugar. Which of the following is a potential risk associated with regular consumption of such drinks?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of dehydration and heart arrhythmias

Exam 3 Study Guide: Water, Minerals, Vitamins, and Antioxidants in Human Nutrition

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