Predict the major products of the following reactions.
(d) the tosylate of cyclohexylmethanol + excess NH₃
(e) n-butyl tosylate + sodium acetylide, H–C≡C:^{– +}Na

검증된 단계별 안내

Step 1: Analyze the reaction in part (d). The tosylate group (-OTs) is a good leaving group, and cyclohexylmethanol tosylate will undergo nucleophilic substitution when reacted with excess NH3. The nucleophile (NH3) will attack the carbon attached to the tosylate group, replacing the tosylate with an amine group (-NH2).

Step 2: For part (d), consider the mechanism. Since NH3 is in excess, the reaction will likely proceed via an SN2 mechanism due to the primary nature of the carbon attached to the tosylate group. This results in inversion of configuration at the carbon center, if it is chiral.

Step 3: Analyze the reaction in part (e). n-Butyl tosylate contains a tosylate group (-OTs) attached to a primary carbon. Sodium acetylide (NaC≡CH) is a strong nucleophile due to the negatively charged acetylide ion. The acetylide ion will attack the carbon attached to the tosylate group, displacing the tosylate via an SN2 mechanism.

Step 4: For part (e), the product will be formed by the substitution of the tosylate group with the acetylide ion (-C≡CH). This results in the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond between the n-butyl group and the acetylide ion.

Step 5: Summarize the major products. For part (d), the major product is cyclohexylmethylamine (cyclohexylmethanol with the -OH group replaced by -NH2). For part (e), the major product is n-butylacetylene (n-butyl group bonded to -C≡CH).

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주요 개념

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Tosylate Formation

Tosylates are derivatives of alcohols formed by reacting alcohols with tosyl chloride (TsCl) in the presence of a base. This reaction converts the hydroxyl group (-OH) into a better leaving group, the tosylate group (-OTs), facilitating nucleophilic substitution reactions. Understanding tosylate formation is crucial for predicting the products of reactions involving alcohols and nucleophiles.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Nucleophilic substitution reactions involve the replacement of a leaving group in a molecule with a nucleophile. The strength and nature of the nucleophile, as well as the structure of the substrate, influence the reaction pathway (SN1 or SN2). In the given question, ammonia (NH3) acts as a nucleophile, attacking the tosylate to form an amine product.

Acetylide Ion Reactivity

The acetylide ion (HC≡C:−) is a strong nucleophile due to its negative charge and sp-hybridized carbon, which makes it highly reactive towards electrophiles. In the reaction with n-butyl tosylate, the acetylide ion can perform a nucleophilic substitution, leading to the formation of a terminal alkyne. Understanding the reactivity of acetylide ions is essential for predicting the outcomes of reactions involving alkyl halides or tosylates.

Predict the major products of the following reactions.(d) the tosylate of cyclohexylmethanol + excess NH3(e) n-butyl tosylate + sodium acetylide, H–C≡C:– +Na