Question 1

Which layer of the heart is responsible for the heart's contractile function?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

A patient presents with a blowing, swooshing sound heard during auscultation of the heart. What is the most likely cause of this sound?

Accepted Answer

Turbulent blood flow through the heart or great vessels

Question 3

Which heart sound is associated with the closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves and marks the beginning of systole?

Accepted Answer

S1

Question 4

A 68-year-old patient is found to have an S3 heart sound. What does this most likely indicate?

Accepted Answer

Heart failure

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the SA node in the heart?

Accepted Answer

It initiates the electrical impulse that sets the pace for the heart rate.

Question 6

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles relax and fill with blood?

Accepted Answer

Diastole

Question 7

A patient with left-sided heart failure is most likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Dyspnea, orthopnea, and pulmonary congestion

Question 8

Which of the following is a developmental adaptation in the fetal heart that allows blood to bypass the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Foramen ovale

Question 9

A 35-year-old pregnant woman is noted to have a decreased blood pressure during her second trimester. What physiological change best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral vasodilation

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the carotid artery during a physical exam?

Accepted Answer

It is the most accessible artery closest to the heart and reflects left heart activity.

Question 11

A patient reports waking up at night with an urgent need to urinate. What is the medical term for this symptom?

Accepted Answer

Nocturia

Question 12

Which of the following is a common laboratory test used to diagnose myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

Troponin I

Question 13

A 72-year-old patient has increased systolic blood pressure and left ventricular wall thickness. Which of the following best explains these findings?

Accepted Answer

Normal aging process

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct sequence of electrical conduction through the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → R/L bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 15

A patient presents with dependent edema, jugular venous distention, and hepatomegaly. Which type of heart failure is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Right-sided heart failure

Question 16

Which of the following best describes cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Question 17

Auscultation reveals a high-pitched, scratchy sound at the apex and left lower sternal border, best heard with the diaphragm while the patient leans forward. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Pericardial friction rub

Question 18

Which of the following is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease that should be assessed in a patient's personal/social history?

Accepted Answer

Exercise habits

Question 19

A patient presents with pink, frothy sputum, crackles on lung auscultation, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Left-sided heart failure

Question 20

Which of the following best describes preload in cardiac physiology?

Accepted Answer

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

Heart and Neck Vessels: Structure, Function, and Clinical Assessment

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