Question 1

Which of the following best defines consciousness according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around them at any given moment, generated by action potentials among neurons.

Question 2

A college student is driving while texting and listening to music. According to the study materials, what state of consciousness is she most likely experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Altered state of consciousness, due to divided attention and possible lack of memory for the trip.

Question 3

Which brain structure acts as the internal clock regulating the sleep–wake cycle by responding to changes in light?

Accepted Answer

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 4

According to the restorative theory of sleep, why is sleep necessary?

Accepted Answer

To replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage in the body.

Question 5

Which stage of sleep is characterized by the presence of delta waves and is considered the deepest stage of sleep?

Accepted Answer

N3

Question 6

A person experiences vivid, detailed dreams and their brain waves resemble beta waves. Which stage of sleep are they most likely in?

Accepted Answer

REM

Question 7

Which sleep disorder involves a person suddenly falling into REM sleep during the day, sometimes accompanied by a sudden loss of muscle tone?

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy with cataplexy

Question 8

According to Freud, the manifest content of a dream is:

Accepted Answer

The dream itself, as remembered by the dreamer.

Question 9

Which theory suggests that dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity from the lower brain areas?

Accepted Answer

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Question 10

Which of the following is a key difference between physical and psychological dependence on drugs?

Accepted Answer

Physical dependence involves the body’s inability to function normally without the drug, while psychological dependence is the feeling that the drug is needed for emotional well-being.

Question 11

Which of the following drugs is classified as a depressant and is the most commonly used and abused in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol

Question 12

A person is prescribed benzodiazepines for anxiety. Which of the following is a potential danger of this class of drugs?

Accepted Answer

They can lead to physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of hallucinogens?

Accepted Answer

They cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality.

Question 14

A student claims they can study, text, and watch TV at the same time without any negative effects. According to research on multitasking, what is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

They will experience decreased concentration and increased errors.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of REM behavior disorder (RBD)?

Accepted Answer

A person thrashes around and acts out their nightmares while asleep.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why college students who are sleep deprived may gain weight?

Accepted Answer

Lack of sleep disrupts hormones that regulate hunger and appetite.

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of hypnosis according to the dissociation theory?

Accepted Answer

A hidden observer remains aware of what is happening while the person responds to suggestions.

Question 18

Which of the following drugs is a naturally occurring mild hallucinogen that can cause mild sensory distortions and is psychologically addicting?

Accepted Answer

Marijuana

Question 19

A person who needs to take increasing amounts of a drug to achieve the same effect is experiencing which phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Drug tolerance

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the activation-information-mode (AIM) model of dreaming?

Accepted Answer

Information accessed during waking hours influences the synthesis of dreams.

Chapter 4: Consciousness – Study Notes for Introduction to Psychology

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