Q: Which of the following equations best represents the acquisition phase in classical conditioning?

$$ \text{CS} + \text{US} \rightarrow \text{UR} $$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between learning and maturation?

Accepted Answer

Learning is a relatively lasting change in behavior due to experience, while maturation is a change due to biological growth.

Question 2

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, what is the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the conditioned response (CR)?

Accepted Answer

CS = Bell; CR = Dog salivates

Question 3

A child learns to say 'please' after watching their older sibling receive praise for doing so. What type of learning is this?

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

You do your homework and your teacher stops nagging you.

Question 5

A rat presses a lever and receives food every third time it presses. What schedule of reinforcement is this?

Accepted Answer

Fixed ratio

Question 6

Which process in classical conditioning involves presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a decrease in the conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

Extinction

Question 7

A person develops a fear of dogs after being bitten by one. Later, they also feel anxious around cats and rabbits. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Generalization

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT one of the four processes involved in observational learning according to Bandura?

Accepted Answer

Aggression

Question 9

A student studies hard and receives praise from their teacher. As a result, the student studies hard for the next test. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement

Question 10

Which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 11

A person gets food poisoning after eating sushi for the first time and develops an aversion to sushi. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Conditioned taste aversion

Question 12

In operant conditioning, what is shaping?

Accepted Answer

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior

Question 13

A dog only sits when its owner is present, but not when others give the command. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Discrimination

Question 14

Which of the following best illustrates the law of effect as described by E.L. Thorndike?

Accepted Answer

Behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are strengthened.

Question 15

A child is grounded and loses the privilege to play video games after misbehaving. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Negative punishment

Question 16

Which of the following equations best represents the acquisition phase in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{CS} + 	ext{US} ightarrow 	ext{UR} $$

Question 17

After extinction, a previously extinguished conditioned response suddenly reappears after a rest period. This phenomenon is called:

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery

Question 18

A slot machine pays out after an unpredictable number of plays. This is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 19

Which of the following best describes vicarious reinforcement in observational learning?

Accepted Answer

Observing someone else being rewarded increases the likelihood of imitating their behavior.

Question 20

A person uses an umbrella to avoid getting wet in the rain. The removal of the unpleasant feeling of being wet increases the likelihood of using the umbrella again. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement

Chapter 5: Learning – Principles and Applications in Psychology

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