Question 1

According to the humanistic perspective, what is the 'actualizing tendency'?

Accepted Answer

The motivation to preserve and enrich life, leading to self-actualization.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes 'congruence' in self-concept theory?

Accepted Answer

When a person's real self matches their ideal self.

Question 3

Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard for self-actualization. Which of the following is NOT an essential element of unconditional positive regard?

Accepted Answer

Judgment

Question 4

Maslow’s concept of 'metamotivation' refers to:

Accepted Answer

The desire to grow beyond satisfying basic needs, specific to humans.

Question 5

In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which level is directly associated with self-actualization?

Accepted Answer

Self-actualization needs

Question 6

A person who is so absorbed in a creative activity that they lose awareness of themselves is experiencing:

Accepted Answer

Peak experience

Question 7

Which of the following is a trait commonly found in self-actualizers according to Maslow?

Accepted Answer

Freedom

Question 8

The social cognitive perspective views people as:

Accepted Answer

Active agents who can change their own lives.

Question 9

Albert Bandura’s concept of 'reciprocal determinism' involves which three interacting factors?

Accepted Answer

Personal factors, behavioral factors, and environmental factors.

Question 10

Self-efficacy, as described in the social cognitive perspective, is best defined as:

Accepted Answer

A person’s belief that they can perform a behavior to achieve a desired outcome.

Question 11

Which statement best reflects the agentic view of people in the social cognitive perspective?

Accepted Answer

People actively choose goals and can change their behaviors over time.

Question 12

A student believes they can improve their grades by studying harder, demonstrating which concept from Bandura’s theory?

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental assumption of the humanistic perspective?

Accepted Answer

Personality is entirely determined by genetics.

Question 14

In the person-situation debate, what is a key question psychologists consider?

Accepted Answer

Whether personality or the situation is more important in determining behavior.

Question 15

Which scenario best illustrates incongruence in self-concept?

Accepted Answer

A person feels pressure to be someone they are not, leading to a mismatch between their real and ideal self.

Question 16

According to Maslow, which need must be satisfied before a person can pursue self-actualization?

Accepted Answer

Physiological and safety needs

Question 17

Which formula best represents the concept of reciprocal determinism in Bandura’s theory?

Accepted Answer

$$Personality = f(Personal\ Factors,\ Behavior,\ Environment)$$

Question 18

A therapist encourages a client to accept themselves without judgment. This approach is most consistent with which psychological perspective?

Accepted Answer

Humanistic perspective

Question 19

Which of the following best describes 'conditions of worth' in the humanistic perspective?

Accepted Answer

Messages about what makes us worthy of love or valuable.

Question 20

If a person’s goals and behaviors change over time due to new experiences, which perspective best explains this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Social cognitive perspective

Chapter 8: Personality – Humanistic and Social Cognitive Perspectives

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