Question 1

Which of the following best distinguishes classical conditioning from operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, while operant conditioning relies on consequences to shape behavior.

Question 2

A person develops a fear of dogs after being bitten by one. According to classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus (CS) in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

The dog

Question 3

Which schedule of reinforcement is most likely to produce a high, steady rate of responding with minimal pauses?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 4

A student wants to improve their study habits using operant conditioning. Which strategy would be most effective?

Accepted Answer

Rewarding themselves with a treat after each study session

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the process of encoding in memory?

Accepted Answer

Transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory

Question 6

Damage to the hippocampus is most likely to result in which type of memory loss?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty forming new explicit (declarative) memories

Question 7

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the use of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A student turns in homework on time to avoid being scolded.

Question 8

According to research on emotional memory, which statement is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Emotional memories tend to be vivid but may not be more accurate than non-emotional memories.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning related to sexual arousal?

Accepted Answer

A person feels aroused when they see their partner after repeated romantic experiences together.

Question 10

A political advertisement repeatedly pairs a candidate’s image with negative music and imagery. What psychological process is being used to influence voters?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning

Question 11

Which formula best represents the probability of retrieval success in memory, given encoding strength $$E$$ and retrieval cue effectiveness $$R$$?

Accepted Answer

$$P = E 	imes R$$

Question 12

A patient can remember how to ride a bicycle but cannot recall recent events. Which memory system is most likely intact?

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why variable interval schedules produce steady, moderate rates of responding?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement is unpredictable, so responses are spaced out over time.

Question 14

Which brain change is most associated with the formation of new long-term memories?

Accepted Answer

Increase in synaptic strength (long-term potentiation)

Question 15

A teacher uses punishment to reduce disruptive behavior in class. Which factor is most important for punishment to be effective?

Accepted Answer

Punishment should be consistent and immediate.

Question 16

Which of the following strategies is most likely to improve memory retention?

Accepted Answer

Using elaborative rehearsal and making connections to existing knowledge

Question 17

A person forgets information learned in high school but remembers recent events. Which type of forgetting does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Decay theory

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of using operant conditioning to reduce poor habits?

Accepted Answer

Removing access to social media after procrastination

Question 19

Which statement best describes the role of evolutionary factors in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Organisms are biologically predisposed to associate certain stimuli with survival-related outcomes.

Question 20

A person is exposed to negative political ads about a candidate and later feels uneasy when seeing the candidate’s name. Which concept best explains this emotional response?

Accepted Answer

Conditioned emotional response

Classical and Operant Conditioning, Memory Systems, and Cognitive Processing: Study Notes

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