Question 1

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, which sequence correctly represents the transformation of a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

NS (bowl) + UCS (food) → UCR (salivation) → CS (bowl) → CR (salivation)

Question 2

Which term in classical conditioning describes the phenomenon when a previously extinguished response reappears after a period of no exposure to the conditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 3

A child who was bitten by a dog now avoids all dogs, not just the one that bit them. Which classical conditioning concept does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Generalization

Question 4

According to Thorndike’s Law of Effect, which equation best represents the relationship between behavior and consequence?

Accepted Answer

$$Behavior + Positive\ Consequence \rightarrow Increased\ Frequency$$

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Taking Tylenol to get rid of a headache.

Question 6

A student studies for a quiz to avoid failing. This is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Avoidance conditioning

Question 7

Which scenario best illustrates positive punishment?

Accepted Answer

A child is scolded for wearing a hat at dinner.

Question 8

What is the main difference between positive and negative punishment?

Accepted Answer

Positive punishment adds an aversive stimulus; negative punishment removes a desired stimulus.

Question 9

According to research by O'Brien & Franzini (2005), which statement about SES and discipline is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Lower SES parents use more harsh discipline strategies.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of corporal punishment on children?

Accepted Answer

Improved academic achievement

Question 11

In operant conditioning, which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?

Accepted Answer

Variable Ratio

Question 12

A parent takes away a child’s video game privileges after they fight with their sibling. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Negative punishment

Question 13

Which concept did Seligman propose that links repeated exposure to uncontrollable negative events to depression?

Accepted Answer

Learned Helplessness

Question 14

Bandura’s research on violence and modeling suggests that children are most likely to imitate:

Accepted Answer

Models who are rewarded or not punished for aggressive behavior

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of shaping in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Gradually reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior

Question 16

If a child receives a token for every 5 math problems solved correctly, which schedule of reinforcement is being used?

Accepted Answer

Fixed Ratio

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of escape conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Taking off tight shoes because of sore feet.

Question 18

Which equation best represents the process of extinction in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$$CS \rightarrow No\ UCS \rightarrow Decreased\ CR$$

Question 19

According to the Gershoff study, which racial group reported the highest use of corporal punishment among parents?

Accepted Answer

Black parents

Question 20

Which statement best reflects B.F. Skinner’s view on the use of punishment in behavior modification?

Accepted Answer

Positively reinforce desired behaviors; punishment should be a last resort.

Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Punishment: Core Concepts in Learning Psychology

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