Question 1

According to classical Freudian psychoanalysis, which of the following best explains the origin of most psychological disorders?

Accepted Answer

Repressed psychological conflicts or fixations that return in disguised or distorted forms.

Question 2

A therapist uses progressive desensitization to help a client overcome a fear of dogs. Which behavioral principle is this technique MOST closely based on?

Accepted Answer

Extinction of learned associations.

Question 3

Which of the following is a key criticism of behavioral therapy when applied to addiction treatment?

Accepted Answer

It may treat symptoms but not underlying psychological causes, leading to substitution or relapse.

Question 4

In humanistic therapy, the therapist echoes back the client's statements and avoids directing the session. This approach is MOST consistent with which principle?

Accepted Answer

Client-centered therapy emphasizing subjective reality.

Question 5

A patient with depression is prescribed an SSRI like Prozac. Which neurotransmitter is MOST directly affected by this medication?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the 'learned helplessness' explanation for depression in behavioral therapy?

Accepted Answer

Depression is caused by inconsistent reinforcement, leading the person to believe their actions have no effect on outcomes.

Question 7

According to Albert Ellis's Rational Emotive Therapy (RET), which of the following is MOST likely to cause psychological distress?

Accepted Answer

Rigid, absolute 'shoulds' and unrealistic demands about the self.

Question 8

A client believes 'everyone is constantly judging me and expects perfection.' According to cognitive behavioral therapy, what is the recommended treatment approach?

Accepted Answer

Identify and challenge the irrational belief, then reframe it into a more realistic expectation.

Question 9

Which of the following is a drawback of psychoanalytic therapy compared to more contemporary approaches?

Accepted Answer

It is time-intensive, expensive, and does not aim for short-term solutions.

Question 10

A patient with bipolar disorder is prescribed lithium. What is the primary purpose of this medication?

Accepted Answer

To stabilize mood and prevent extreme shifts between mania and depression.

Question 11

Which of the following best illustrates the principle of 'eclectic therapy'?

Accepted Answer

A therapist combines elements from behavioral, humanistic, and cognitive approaches to tailor treatment to the client's needs.

Question 12

A person living in northern Canada experiences depression during the winter months. According to the study materials, which biological mechanism is MOST likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Disruption of circadian rhythms due to lack of sunlight affecting the pineal gland's 'zeitgeber' function.

Question 13

Which of the following is a common side effect of SSRIs like Prozac, especially in people under 25 years old?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of suicidal behavior.

Question 14

A therapist assigns a client with social anxiety a series of homework exercises to practice conversation starters and active listening. Which therapeutic approach does this MOST closely represent?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral therapy focused on building adaptive skills.

Question 15

Which equation best represents the relationship between neurotransmitter levels and mood in the context of antidepressant treatment?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{Mood} \propto 	ext{Serotonin} + 	ext{Norepinephrine} $$

Question 16

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is typically used in which situation?

Accepted Answer

For severe depression when other treatments have failed.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is supported by the study materials?

Accepted Answer

CBT has higher success rates than psychoanalysis, humanistic, or behavioral therapies and is widely used.

Question 18

A patient with schizophrenia is prescribed a second-generation antipsychotic. Which neurotransmitters are MOST likely targeted by this medication?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin and dopamine

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the 'tyranny of shoulds' as discussed by Karen Horney?

Accepted Answer

A tendency to frame expectations and self-evaluations in terms of absolute requirements, leading to psychological distress.

Question 20

Which of the following is a reason why behavioral therapy rarely uses aversive reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

People get used to painful stimuli over time, and unintended reinforcement may occur.

Clinical Psychology II: Treatments – Approaches to Psychological and Biological Interventions

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