Question 1

Which of the following best describes the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming?

Accepted Answer

Dreams are the result of the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity originating from the pons, which sends excitatory messages through the thalamus to the cortex.

Question 2

A patient is unable to form new long-term memories after a head injury, but can recall events from before the injury. Which type of amnesia is this?

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A student turns off a loud alarm by getting out of bed, increasing the likelihood they will get up when the alarm sounds in the future.

Question 4

According to Piaget, which cognitive process involves modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information?

Accepted Answer

Accommodation

Question 5

A researcher wants to study the development of memory in children by following the same group of children from age 5 to age 15. Which research design is being used?

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal design

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'chunking' in short-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Remembering a phone number as 555-123-4567 instead of 5-5-5-1-2-3-4-5-6-7

Question 7

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

Food

Question 8

A child sees a dog for the first time and calls it a 'cat' because it has four legs and fur, just like their pet cat. According to Piaget, this is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Assimilation

Question 9

Which brain structure is most closely associated with the regulation of circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 10

A person is able to recall the first and last items on a list better than those in the middle. This phenomenon is known as:

Accepted Answer

Serial position effect

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves automatic responses to stimuli, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors influenced by consequences.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a teratogen?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol consumed during pregnancy

Question 13

A person is given a list of words to remember. Later, they recall the word 'apple' because it was presented in red font, which stood out. This is an example of which level of processing?

Accepted Answer

Shallow processing

Question 14

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'functional fixedness'?

Accepted Answer

Failing to use a coin as a screwdriver because you only think of it as money

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the Flynn effect is correct?

Accepted Answer

It refers to the steady increase in intelligence test scores across generations.

Question 16

A child is upset when their mother leaves, but is angry and resists comfort when she returns. According to attachment theory, this is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Anxious attachment

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence involves problem-solving and adapting to new situations, while crystallized intelligence involves accumulated knowledge and experience.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of the anchoring effect in decision making?

Accepted Answer

Estimating the population of a city based on the first number you hear, even if it is unrelated.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of synaptic pruning during infancy?

Accepted Answer

The elimination of unused neural connections, strengthening those that are active.

Question 20

Which of the following is a key feature of authoritative parenting?

Accepted Answer

Setting rules while encouraging discussion and allowing exceptions.

Comprehensive Study Notes: Consciousness, Learning, Memory, Cognition, Intelligence, and Lifespan Development

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