Question 1

Which structure in the brain is primarily responsible for synchronizing circadian rhythms with light information?

Accepted Answer

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 2

A student travels from Los Angeles to New York and experiences jet lag. According to the study materials, why is jet lag typically worse when flying east than flying west?

Accepted Answer

Flying east shortens the day, making it harder for the body to adjust its circadian rhythm.

Question 3

Which hormone is released by the pineal gland and accumulates with darkness to promote sleep onset?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 4

Which sleep stage is characterized by very slow waves with high peaks, as seen in EEG recordings?

Accepted Answer

Stage 3/4 NREM (Delta)

Question 5

According to the 'Restore and Repair Hypothesis,' what is the primary function of sleep?

Accepted Answer

To restore energy levels and repair wear and tear from daily activities

Question 6

Which sleep disorder is characterized by temporary inability to breathe during sleep due to airway obstruction?

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea

Question 7

A patient reports difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, and waking up too early. Which type of insomnia is described by difficulty returning to sleep after waking?

Accepted Answer

Maintenance insomnia

Question 8

Which of the following is a recommended strategy for improving sleep quality according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Using cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for insomnia

Question 9

Which theory of dreaming suggests that dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity in the pons?

Accepted Answer

Activation-synthesis theory

Question 10

According to Freud, what is the difference between manifest and latent content in dreams?

Accepted Answer

Manifest content is the storyline and images; latent content is the symbolic meaning.

Question 11

Which sleep stage is most important for the consolidation of autobiographical memories, according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Slow-wave sleep (Stages 3 and 4)

Question 12

A person who is aware and awake but unable to move, appearing unconscious, is most likely experiencing which disorder?

Accepted Answer

Locked-in syndrome

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the nucleus accumbens in drug reward?

Accepted Answer

It is a prime area of activation when a person engages in rewarding behavior.

Question 14

What is the main difference between physical and psychological drug dependence?

Accepted Answer

Physical dependence involves withdrawal symptoms; psychological dependence does not.

Question 15

Which theory of hypnosis suggests that hypnosis is a form of role-playing based on social and cognitive processes?

Accepted Answer

Sociocognitive explanation

Question 16

During REM sleep, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

The brain is active and most skeletal muscles are limp.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sleep deprivation?

Accepted Answer

Increased attention and vigilance

Question 18

Which sleep disorder involves extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks, often going immediately into REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'tolerance' in drug use?

Accepted Answer

Needing more of a drug to achieve the same effect over time

Question 20

Which sleep stage is most associated with vivid dreaming?

Accepted Answer

REM sleep

Consciousness and Sleep: Biological Rhythms, Sleep Disorders, and Altered States

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