Q: If a drug has a half-life of 2 days, approximately how long will it take for its blood concentration to drop to about 1/64 of its original value?

$$2 \text{ days} \times 6 = 12 \text{ days}$$

Question 1

Which sleep stage is characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles and K-complexes, as well as a decrease in heart rate and body temperature?

Accepted Answer

Stage 2

Question 2

A patient reports vivid, emotional, and illogical dreams with sudden scene shifts. Which sleep stage are these dreams most likely occurring in?

Accepted Answer

REM sleep

Question 3

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is supported by scientific evidence?

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis does not reliably enhance recall of forgotten events.

Question 4

Which sleep disorder is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable REM sleep episodes?

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy

Question 5

According to the activation synthesis model, dreams are the result of:

Accepted Answer

Cortical interpretation of random brainstem neural activity

Question 6

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

Accepted Answer

It is composed partly of astrocytes and tight junctions.

Question 7

A drug is administered orally and is a weak base. What is most likely to happen to its absorption in the acidic environment of the stomach?

Accepted Answer

It will ionize, reducing its lipid-solubility and absorption.

Question 8

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of a drug's therapeutic index?

Accepted Answer

$$TI = \frac{LD_{50}}{ED_{50}}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes metabolic tolerance?

Accepted Answer

Induction of liver enzymes that break down the drug

Question 10

A patient is given a drug intravenously. Which of the following is an advantage of this route compared to oral administration?

Accepted Answer

It allows for rapid onset and accurate dosage control.

Question 11

Which of the following is most likely to be excreted by the kidneys without reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

An ionized drug molecule

Question 12

Which phenomenon is described as a feeling of reliving an experience that is actually new?

Accepted Answer

Déjà vu

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for managing insomnia?

Accepted Answer

Consuming caffeine before bed

Question 14

Which sleep anomaly occurs during deep sleep (stage 3 & 4) and is characterized by walking while asleep?

Accepted Answer

Somnambulism

Question 15

Which of the following is a plausible explanation for near-death experiences (NDEs) according to scientific research?

Accepted Answer

They are caused by endorphin release or oxygen starvation in the brain.

Question 16

If a drug has a half-life of 2 days, approximately how long will it take for its blood concentration to drop to about 1/64 of its original value?

Accepted Answer

$$2 	ext{ days} 	imes 6 = 12 	ext{ days}$$

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE about REM Behaviour Disorder?

Accepted Answer

Individuals act out their dreams due to malfunctioning brain stem structures.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why dreams are often illogical or bizarre?

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex is less active during dreaming.

Question 19

Which of the following is a property of psychoactive drugs?

Accepted Answer

They alter ongoing biochemical processes in the CNS.

Question 20

A drug is administered orally and must pass through the GI tract before reaching the bloodstream. Which phenomenon may reduce its circulating levels compared to intravenous administration?

Accepted Answer

First-pass metabolism

Consciousness, Sleep, Dreaming, and Psychopharmacology: Study Notes

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