Question 1

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'confirmation bias' in problem solving?

Accepted Answer

Focusing only on information that confirms what you already believe.

Question 2

A researcher wants to study the effect of sleep on memory. In her experiment, the number of hours of sleep is the ______ variable, and the score on a memory test is the ______ variable.

Accepted Answer

independent; dependent

Question 3

According to Piaget, which stage is characterized by the development of object permanence?

Accepted Answer

Sensorimotor stage

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of the hippocampus?

Accepted Answer

Forming new memories

Question 5

A child who is very distressed by separation and is difficult to soothe upon reunion with a caregiver is most likely displaying which attachment style?

Accepted Answer

Ambivalent (resistant) attachment

Question 6

Which schedule of reinforcement produces the most resistant and steady behavior, as seen in gambling or checking email?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 7

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need must generally be satisfied before higher needs become motivating?

Accepted Answer

Physiological

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of proactive interference?

Accepted Answer

Old information interfering with learning new information

Question 9

A therapist uses techniques from cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic therapies to tailor treatment to each client. This approach is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Integrative or eclectic therapy

Question 10

Which theory of emotion suggests that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously and independently?

Accepted Answer

Cannon-Bard theory

Question 11

A student studies for an exam by relating new information to things she already knows. This is an example of which memory process?

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'locus of control'?

Accepted Answer

A person's belief about whether outcomes are controlled by internal or external factors

Question 13

Which of the following is a key ethical principle in psychological research involving humans or animals?

Accepted Answer

Voluntary participation and informed consent are required

Question 14

A person who believes their actions do not matter and feels helpless after repeated failures is demonstrating which concept?

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness

Question 15

Which of the following best illustrates the difference between reliability and validity in psychological testing?

Accepted Answer

A test can be reliable without being valid.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A worker receives a paycheck every two weeks.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's multiple intelligences?

Accepted Answer

Emotional

Question 18

A person who is able to recognize and manage their own emotions and the emotions of others is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Emotional intelligence

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It insulates axons and speeds up neural transmission.

Question 20

Which of the following is a primary goal of cognitive therapy?

Accepted Answer

To change distorted or negative thought patterns

Cumulative Study Guide: Foundations of Psychology

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