Question 1

Which of the following best describes Piaget's concept of a 'mental operation' in cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

A logical, reversible mental process that allows children to solve problems systematically.

Question 2

A child is shown two identical glasses filled with the same amount of water. The water from one glass is poured into a taller, thinner glass. The child says the taller glass now has more water. According to Piaget, this child is most likely in which stage of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Preoperational stage

Question 3

Which of the following is a significant finding from alternatives to Piagetian theory?

Accepted Answer

Children can demonstrate cognitive abilities earlier than Piaget proposed, especially with familiar tasks.

Question 4

Which therapy strategy is most likely being used if a therapist encourages a client to explore unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences?

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic therapy

Question 5

A therapist uses systematic desensitization to help a client overcome a phobia. This approach is most closely associated with which psychological perspective?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory stores information temporarily, while long-term memory stores information more permanently.

Question 7

According to research findings discussed in Chapter 6, which of the following best explains the 'serial position effect' in memory recall?

Accepted Answer

People recall the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle.

Question 8

Which model of knowledge representation suggests that concepts are stored in a network of interconnected nodes?

Accepted Answer

Connectionist (or network) model

Question 9

A client is encouraged to challenge and change irrational beliefs that lead to emotional distress. This approach is most consistent with which type of therapy?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Question 10

Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea about brain development and psychological development discussed in Chapter 14?

Accepted Answer

Brain development provides the biological foundation for changes in psychological abilities.

Question 11

A 15-year-old is able to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical situations. According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development is this adolescent in?

Accepted Answer

Formal operational stage

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a research finding on memory that you might see represented in a graph in Chapter 6?

Accepted Answer

Recall is highest for the first and last items in a list, demonstrating the primacy and recency effects.

Question 13

A child who understands that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen has developed which cognitive ability?

Accepted Answer

Object permanence

Question 14

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the application of the behavioral model in therapy?

Accepted Answer

A therapist uses reinforcement to encourage desired behaviors in a client with autism.

Question 15

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's theory based on more recent research?

Accepted Answer

Piaget underestimated the influence of social and cultural factors on cognitive development.

Question 16

A person with depression is prescribed medication that alters neurotransmitter levels. This treatment approach is most closely associated with which model of psychological disorders?

Accepted Answer

Biological model

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the 'levels-of-processing' theory of memory?

Accepted Answer

The depth at which information is processed affects how well it is remembered.

Question 18

A therapist focuses on helping a client achieve self-actualization and emphasizes unconditional positive regard. This approach is most consistent with which type of therapy?

Accepted Answer

Humanistic therapy

Question 19

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'conservation' as described by Piaget?

Accepted Answer

A child realizes that the amount of clay remains the same even when its shape changes.

Question 20

A researcher finds that children can solve certain logic problems earlier than Piaget predicted, especially when the problems are presented in familiar contexts. This finding supports which criticism of Piaget's theory?

Accepted Answer

Children's abilities are more advanced than Piaget suggested when tasks are meaningful to them.

Exam 2 Study Guide: Development, Psychological Disorders & Therapy, Memory

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