Question 1

Which of the following best illustrates the difference between sensation and perception?

Accepted Answer

Sensation is the process by which sensory receptors receive stimuli, while perception is the interpretation of those stimuli by the brain.

Question 2

A researcher presents a faint tone to participants and asks them to indicate when they hear it. The minimum intensity at which the tone is detected 50% of the time is known as the:

Accepted Answer

Absolute threshold

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT considered a basic taste?

Accepted Answer

Spicy

Question 4

The process by which sensory information is converted into neural signals that can be interpreted by the brain is called:

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Question 5

Which sense does NOT pass through the thalamus before reaching the cortex?

Accepted Answer

Olfaction (smell)

Question 6

In Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment with dogs, which of the following is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Accepted Answer

The bell

Question 7

A child who was bitten by a dog now fears all dogs, but not cats. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Discrimination

Question 8

Which reinforcement schedule produces the highest and most consistent rate of responding?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 9

The 'Bobo doll' experiment conducted by Albert Bandura demonstrated which type of learning?

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Question 10

According to George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is approximately:

Accepted Answer

$$7 \pm 2$$ items

Question 11

A person is unable to form new long-term memories after a brain injury but can recall events from before the injury. This condition is known as:

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia

Question 12

Which brain structure is most closely associated with the formation of new explicit (declarative) memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Question 13

A student studies for a psychology exam in the same room where the exam will be held. According to the encoding specificity principle, this should:

Accepted Answer

Enhance recall due to context-dependent memory

Question 14

Which of the following best describes a teratogen?

Accepted Answer

An environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus

Question 15

According to Piaget, the main focus of his stages of cognitive development is:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive processes and how children think

Question 16

Which of the following is a unique feature of brain development during adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Rapid pruning of unused neural connections

Question 17

Mary Ainsworth’s research is most closely associated with which psychological concept?

Accepted Answer

Attachment styles

Question 18

A child learns to avoid a certain food after becoming ill from eating it once. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Taste aversion

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus to increase behavior.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the Little Albert experiment is accurate?

Accepted Answer

It showed that emotional responses could be classically conditioned.

Exam 2 Study Guide: Sensation & Perception, Learning, Memory, and Development

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