Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main focus of structuralism in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Studying the structure and characteristics of the mind through introspection

Question 2

William James, a key figure in psychology, is most closely associated with which theoretical perspective?

Accepted Answer

Functionalism

Question 3

According to behaviorism, why are thoughts and feelings not the main focus of psychological study?

Accepted Answer

They are private and cannot be measured in the same way as observable behaviors

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

Seeking out evidence that supports your hypothesis while ignoring contradictory evidence

Question 5

A hypothesis in scientific research must be falsifiable. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

It must be possible to prove it wrong through evidence

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of ecological validity?

Accepted Answer

The results of a lab study also work in real-life settings

Question 7

Which branch of psychology is most likely to use the science-practitioner model for treatment, assessment, and diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Clinical psychology

Question 8

A researcher wants to measure 'stress' in a study. Which of the following is an example of an operational definition?

Accepted Answer

Stress is measured by the score on a standardized stress questionnaire

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the five characteristics of quality scientific research?

Accepted Answer

Uses techniques that increase bias

Question 10

According to the theory of natural selection as applied in functionalism, why do certain mental processes and behaviors persist?

Accepted Answer

Because they help humans survive and adapt to their environment

Question 11

Which of the following best describes belief perseverance?

Accepted Answer

The tendency to stick to our initial belief even when evidence is contradictory

Question 12

A student studies hard and receives praise from their teacher. According to B.F. Skinner, what type of conditioning is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement

Question 13

Which of the following statements about pseudoscience is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Pseudoscience can sound scientific but is not supported by real evidence or proper research

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of the bystander effect as described in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

A person is more likely to help in an emergency when alone than when in a group

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the main difference between objectivity and subjectivity in scientific research?

Accepted Answer

Objectivity is being neutral and unbiased, while subjectivity is shaped by prior beliefs and experiences

Question 16

Which of the following is a danger of pseudoscience as discussed in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

It can result in opportunity cost, such as investing time and energy into questionable treatments

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the scientific method as outlined in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

A way of learning about the world through collecting observations, developing theories, and testing predictions

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a variable in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

A specific, measurable concept such as 'reaction time' in a memory test

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the focus of cognitive psychology?

Accepted Answer

Understanding mental processes underlying thinking

Question 20

A study finds that the results of a stress test in a lab do not match how people respond to stress at work. Which type of validity is most likely lacking in this study?

Accepted Answer

Ecological validity

Foundations and Methods in Psychology: Perspectives, Research, and Scientific Practice

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