Question 1

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'multiple levels of analysis' in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Explaining anxiety by considering biological factors, individual thoughts and emotions, and cultural influences.

Question 2

A researcher claims that eating chocolate causes happiness because people who eat more chocolate report being happier. Which scientific thinking principle is most relevant to evaluating this claim?

Accepted Answer

Correlation does not imply causation.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias?

Accepted Answer

Ignoring evidence that contradicts your belief that all dogs are friendly.

Question 4

A friend says, 'I know this herbal remedy works because I felt better after taking it.' Why is this anecdotal evidence weak?

Accepted Answer

It is based on a single person's experience and does not establish generalizability or causation.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the principle of falsifiability?

Accepted Answer

A claim is falsifiable if some possible evidence could show it to be false.

Question 6

A psychologist argues that behaviour is 'multiply determined.' What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

Behaviour is influenced by more than one cause or contributing influence.

Question 7

Which of the following is a warning sign of pseudoscience?

Accepted Answer

Use of ad hoc immunizing hypotheses to explain away negative evidence.

Question 8

A scientist proposes a new theory that contradicts well-established findings. According to the principle 'extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence,' what should be required?

Accepted Answer

The claim should be supported by especially strong and convincing evidence.

Question 9

Which psychological perspective focuses on observable behaviour and learning?

Accepted Answer

Behaviourism.

Question 10

A researcher repeats a study and obtains similar results. Which principle of scientific thinking does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Replicability.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes naïve realism?

Accepted Answer

Believing that our perceptions reflect reality exactly as it is.

Question 12

Which perspective in psychology emphasizes unconscious processes and impulses?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalysis.

Question 13

A student argues that a supplement cured their anxiety because their symptoms improved after taking it. Which logical fallacy is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Correlation-causation fallacy.

Question 14

Which of the following best illustrates the use of Occam's Razor in evaluating explanations?

Accepted Answer

Preferring the simplest explanation that fits the evidence when multiple explanations are possible.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of belief perseverance?

Accepted Answer

Continuing to believe a myth even after being shown strong evidence against it.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the modern view of the nature–nurture debate?

Accepted Answer

Nature and nurture interact to influence psychological characteristics and behaviour.

Question 17

A psychologist is studying how brain activity relates to memory. Which field does this research most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive neuroscience.

Question 18

Which of the following is a reason why generalizability is important in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

To determine whether findings apply beyond the specific people or circumstances studied.

Question 19

A researcher adds an explanation after an experiment fails to support their hypothesis, claiming the results don't count because of a special circumstance. What is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Ad hoc immunizing hypothesis.

Question 20

Which of the following best distinguishes emotional reasoning from appeal to authority?

Accepted Answer

Emotional reasoning treats feelings as evidence; appeal to authority treats a person's status as evidence.

Introduction to Psychology Chapter 1 Study Guide — Step-by-Step Guidance

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