Question 1

Which of the following best describes a phoneme?

Accepted Answer

A category of sound produced by our vocal apparatus

Question 2

A child says, 'He runned fast' instead of 'He ran fast.' This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Overgeneralization of language rules

Question 3

According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (linguistic relativity), which of the following is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

The language we speak influences how we think, understand, and perceive the world

Question 4

Which heuristic is most likely at play when a doctor quickly diagnoses a patient with the flu because it is flu season, despite the patient actually having COVID-19?

Accepted Answer

Representativeness heuristic

Question 5

A judge gives a harsher sentence after hearing the prosecutor recommend a long sentence, even though the crime is minor. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Anchoring heuristic

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates the availability heuristic?

Accepted Answer

Believing shark attacks are common after seeing news reports about them

Question 7

What is the main difference between an algorithm and a heuristic in problem solving?

Accepted Answer

Algorithms guarantee a solution if applied correctly, heuristics are shortcuts that do not guarantee a solution

Question 8

Which scenario best demonstrates the framing effect?

Accepted Answer

A person is more likely to choose a surgery described as having a 90% survival rate than one described as having a 10% mortality rate, even though both are the same

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias?

Accepted Answer

Only seeking out news sources that support your political beliefs

Question 10

A child who is deprived of language during the critical period is likely to:

Accepted Answer

Have difficulty fully acquiring and using language

Question 11

Which of the following best describes a morpheme?

Accepted Answer

The smallest unit of meaning in a language

Question 12

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of the representativeness heuristic?

Accepted Answer

Wrongful convictions based on a suspect's atypical appearance or behavior

Question 13

Which of the following statements about bilingualism is supported by research?

Accepted Answer

The earlier you start learning a second language, the more proficient you are likely to become

Question 14

A person who evaluates every possible option before making a purchase is best described as a:

Accepted Answer

Maximizer

Question 15

Which cognitive obstacle involves difficulty in seeing an object as useful for something other than its typical use?

Accepted Answer

Functional fixedness

Question 16

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of a prototype?

Accepted Answer

Thinking of a robin as the best example of a bird

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of belief perseverance?

Accepted Answer

Continuing to believe a suspect is guilty even after DNA evidence proves otherwise

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the 'Monday Morning Quarterback' phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Explaining how an event should have been handled after it has already occurred

Question 19

Which of the following is a downside of heuristics and cognitive shortcuts?

Accepted Answer

They can lead to costly errors and bias, especially in high-stakes situations

Question 20

Which of the following best describes top-down processing in thinking?

Accepted Answer

It streamlines cognitive functioning by using pre-existing knowledge to fill in gaps

Language, Thinking, and Reasoning: Foundations and Applications

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