Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of acquisition in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The phase during which a conditioned response (CR) is established by pairing a neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 2

A dog salivates when it hears a bell because the bell has been repeatedly paired with food. In this scenario, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

Accepted Answer

The food

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Taking away a loud noise when a rat presses a lever, increasing the likelihood of lever pressing

Question 4

According to Thorndike’s law of effect, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Behaviours followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated.

Question 5

A rat receives a food pellet every 5th time it presses a lever. Which schedule of reinforcement is this?

Accepted Answer

Fixed ratio

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A dog salivates to a bell and also to a chime that sounds similar.

Question 7

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using punishment to modify behaviour?

Accepted Answer

It provides a model for aggressive behaviour.

Question 8

In the context of operant conditioning, what is a discriminative stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes latent learning, as demonstrated by Tolman & Honzik’s maze studies?

Accepted Answer

Learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to do so.

Question 10

A child develops a fear of dogs after being bitten by one. Later, the child avoids all dogs, and this avoidance reduces their anxiety. According to the two-process theory of anxiety, what maintains the child’s avoidance behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of higher-order conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A person feels happy when they see a Coca-Cola bottle because it has been paired with positive emotions in advertisements, and later feels happy when seeing a glass shaped like the bottle.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the concept of preparedness in learning?

Accepted Answer

The evolutionary predisposition to be more afraid of certain things, such as snakes or spiders.

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-world example of a conditioned compensatory response (CCR)?

Accepted Answer

A drug user’s body prepares for the effects of a drug when entering the room where they usually take it, reducing the drug’s impact.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about learning fads is supported by research?

Accepted Answer

Direct instruction is almost always more effective than learning fads such as discovery learning.

Question 15

A ballet student improves her technique by watching her instructor and imitating her movements. This is an example of which type of learning?

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Question 16

Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 17

Which of the following best describes instinctive drift?

Accepted Answer

The tendency for animals to return to innate behaviours after repeated reinforcement.

Question 18

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between the number of reinforcements and the response rate in a fixed ratio schedule?

Accepted Answer

$$R = k 	imes n$$

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a principle shared by both classical and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Behaviour is always elicited automatically

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the S-O-R (Stimulus-Organism-Response) model?

Accepted Answer

The way an organism responds to a stimulus depends on how it interprets the stimulus.

Learning: Mechanisms and Applications in Psychology

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