Q: Which equation best represents the basic relationship in classical conditioning?

$$\text{CS} \rightarrow \text{CR}$$

Question 1

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs, which of the following correctly identifies the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Accepted Answer

Food is the US, and the metronome is the CS.

Question 2

Which process in classical conditioning describes the reduction in the conditioned response (CR) when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Accepted Answer

Extinction

Question 3

In the Little Albert experiment, what was the neutral stimulus (NS) before conditioning took place?

Accepted Answer

White rat

Question 4

A student receives praise from their professor after answering a question correctly, which increases the likelihood they will participate again. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement

Question 5

Which of the following best describes 'avoidance learning' in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A response prevents a stimulus from occurring.

Question 6

A rat presses a lever to stop an ongoing electric shock. This scenario illustrates which type of operant conditioning process?

Accepted Answer

Escape learning

Question 7

Which reinforcement schedule is most likely to produce a high and steady rate of responding, as seen in gambling behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 8

During classical conditioning, what is the initial phase called when the association between the neutral stimulus (NS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) is first established?

Accepted Answer

Acquisition

Question 9

After extinction, a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR) suddenly reappears when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented again. This phenomenon is known as:

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

Accepted Answer

Taking away a teenager's phone for breaking curfew.

Question 11

In operant conditioning, what is a discriminative stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A stimulus that signals whether a response will be reinforced.

Question 12

A child learns to fear not only white rats but also white rabbits and white dogs after the Little Albert experiment. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Generalization

Question 13

Which equation best represents the basic relationship in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{CS} ightarrow 	ext{CR}$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes positive punishment?

Accepted Answer

Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior.

Question 15

A student studies regularly because every time they do, they receive praise from their parents. Which type of reinforcement schedule would be most effective if the praise is given after a random number of study sessions?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 16

Which process in operant conditioning involves learning to respond only to the original discriminative stimulus and not to similar stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Discrimination

Question 17

In a Skinner box experiment, a rat receives food every time it presses a lever after a fixed amount of time has passed. This is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

Fixed interval

Question 18

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of 'secondary reinforcement'?

Accepted Answer

A student receives a gold star for completing homework, which can be exchanged for a prize.

Question 19

Which process is shared by both classical and operant conditioning and involves responding to stimuli similar to the original conditioned or discriminative stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Generalization

Question 20

A person continues to check their phone for new messages because sometimes, unpredictably, they receive a notification. Which reinforcement schedule does this behavior exemplify?

Accepted Answer

Variable interval

Lecture 8: Learning – Classical and Operant Conditioning

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