Question 1

Which research design is best suited for studying developmental changes in the same individuals over time, and what is a major challenge associated with this method?

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal design; participant attrition

Question 2

In the prenatal development study where mothers read 'Cat in the Hat' aloud during pregnancy, what was the dependent variable (DV), and what did the results suggest about fetal learning?

Accepted Answer

DV: Changes in sucking rate; Results: Evidence of recognition and preference for familiar speech sounds

Question 3

Which of the following substances is considered a teratogen and is specifically linked to limb malformations when exposure occurs during early pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Thalidomide

Question 4

According to Bowlby, what is the evolutionary function of attachment in infants?

Accepted Answer

To ensure survival by forming bonds with caregivers who provide safety and resources

Question 5

A child who does not cry when their mother leaves and avoids her upon return is most likely displaying which attachment style?

Accepted Answer

Avoidant

Question 6

Which parenting style is most likely to produce children who are self-reliant, independent, and have good social skills?

Accepted Answer

Authoritative

Question 7

Conditional love in parenting can lead to which psychological outcome in children?

Accepted Answer

Introjection: internalizing the belief that worth depends on performance

Question 8

According to Piaget, which cognitive process involves changing existing schemas to incorporate new information that does not fit?

Accepted Answer

Accommodation

Question 9

A 5-year-old child believes that everyone shares their perspective and knowledge. According to Piaget, this is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Egocentric thought in the preoperational stage

Question 10

Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete events but difficulty with abstract concepts?

Accepted Answer

Concrete operational stage

Question 11

A child understands that the quantity of liquid remains the same even when poured into a differently shaped container. This demonstrates mastery of which concept?

Accepted Answer

Conservation

Question 12

Which of the following best describes adolescent egocentrism?

Accepted Answer

Belief that others are constantly observing and judging them (imaginary audience)

Question 13

Why are adolescents more likely to make risky decisions compared to adults?

Accepted Answer

Their prefrontal cortex is still developing, limiting impulse control, while their reward system is highly active

Question 14

In Steinberg's (2007) driving video game study, what effect did the presence of peers have on adolescent risk-taking?

Accepted Answer

Teens crashed more when playing with peers, showing increased risk-taking

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT one of the 'Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse' that predicts marital dissatisfaction?

Accepted Answer

Empathy

Question 16

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults tend to:

Accepted Answer

Focus on positive, meaningful experiences and prefer activities that emphasize joy and connection

Question 17

Which lifestyle factor has been shown to reduce the risk of developing dementia by up to 45%?

Accepted Answer

Physical activity

Question 18

A researcher wants to study the effect of maternal fluoride exposure on children's IQ scores. Which statistical formula would be most appropriate to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between fluoride exposure and IQ?

Accepted Answer

$$r = \frac{\sum (x_i - \bar{x})(y_i - \bar{y})}{\sqrt{\sum (x_i - \bar{x})^2$ \sum (y_i - \bar{y})^2$}}$$

Question 19

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'kindchenschema'?

Accepted Answer

Adults are naturally drawn to care for infants and puppies due to their large eyes, round cheeks, and clumsy movements

Question 20

Which of the following is a protective factor for marital satisfaction after having children?

Accepted Answer

Fair division of labor and good communication

Lifespan Development: Key Concepts in Developmental Psychology

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