Question 1

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, what is the main consequence if a child does not receive proper nurturance during one of the stages?

Accepted Answer

The child may become fixated at that stage.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes Erikson’s concept of 'ego identity'?

Accepted Answer

A sense of self shaped by social interactions.

Question 3

A 2-year-old insists on choosing her own clothes and dressing herself, even if the choices are not appropriate. According to Erikson, which stage and conflict does this behavior illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 4

In Piaget’s theory, which process involves changing an existing schema to incorporate new information that does not fit?

Accepted Answer

Accommodation

Question 5

A child believes that pouring water from a tall, thin glass into a short, wide glass changes the amount of water. According to Piaget, this child has not yet mastered which concept?

Accepted Answer

Conservation

Question 6

Which of the following is a key feature of the formal operational stage in Piaget’s theory?

Accepted Answer

Ability to use abstract logic and hypothetical reasoning

Question 7

Vygotsky’s concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is best described as:

Accepted Answer

The difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help.

Question 8

Which educational practice is most directly supported by Vygotsky’s theory?

Accepted Answer

Providing temporary support that is gradually removed as students gain competence.

Question 9

According to Kohlberg, which stage of moral development is characterized by behavior driven by social approval?

Accepted Answer

Stage 3: Interpersonal

Question 10

Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg’s theory of moral development primarily because:

Accepted Answer

It was based only on upper-class White men and boys.

Question 11

Which of the following best illustrates Gilligan’s concept of 'integrated care'?

Accepted Answer

A person considers both their own needs and the needs of others when making a decision.

Question 12

A teacher assigns a group project where advanced students help those who are struggling. This approach is most consistent with which theorist’s ideas?

Accepted Answer

Lev Vygotsky

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of egocentrism as defined by Piaget?

Accepted Answer

A child believes everyone likes the same toys they do.

Question 14

In Erikson’s stage of 'generativity vs. stagnation,' which of the following behaviors best demonstrates generativity?

Accepted Answer

Mentoring younger colleagues and volunteering in the community.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of 'scaffolding' in Vygotsky’s theory?

Accepted Answer

Gradually removing support as the learner becomes more competent.

Question 16

A 4-year-old cannot understand that her brother can have the same amount of juice in a different shaped glass. According to Piaget, which stage is she in?

Accepted Answer

Preoperational

Question 17

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget’s theory based on more recent research?

Accepted Answer

Development is more continuous than Piaget’s discrete stages suggest.

Question 18

In Kohlberg’s theory, which level of moral reasoning is characterized by behavior driven by internal moral principles?

Accepted Answer

Post-conventional

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of 'object permanence'?

Accepted Answer

A baby searches for a toy that has been hidden under a blanket.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the main difference between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Piaget focused on stages of individual discovery, while Vygotsky emphasized the importance of culture and social guidance.

Lifespan Theories: Major Theories of Development in Psychology

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