Question 1

Which of the following best describes classical conditioning as demonstrated by Pavlov's experiments with dogs?

Accepted Answer

Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually eliciting a conditioned response.

Question 2

In operant conditioning, which schedule of reinforcement is most likely to produce the highest rate of responding and greatest resistance to extinction?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio schedule

Question 3

A child learns to fear dogs after being bitten by one. Later, the child also fears cats and rabbits. This phenomenon is best explained by:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Removing a loud noise when a rat presses a lever

Question 5

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, which memory system acts as a 'buffer' for incoming sensory information?

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'schema' in memory?

Accepted Answer

Organizing information about a restaurant, such as the typical sequence of events when dining out

Question 7

A researcher finds that rats can learn to avoid a taste associated with nausea after only one pairing, but require many pairings to associate a sound with nausea. This finding challenges which principle?

Accepted Answer

Equipotentiality

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of long-term memory (LTM) according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Accepted Answer

Information is lost after about 15-20 seconds without rehearsal.

Question 9

Which equation best represents the duration of short-term memory as found in the Peterson and Peterson study?

Accepted Answer

$$ t \approx 15-20 \ \mathrm{seconds} $$

Question 10

Which of the following best describes 'latent learning'?

Accepted Answer

Learning that is not immediately expressed in behavior until there is motivation to demonstrate it.

Question 11

Which type of memory is responsible for remembering how to ride a bicycle?

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory

Question 12

A teacher uses shaping to help a student learn a complex behavior. Which process is most essential in shaping?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A child learns to tie their shoes after watching their older sibling do it.

Question 14

Which concept explains why people are more likely to develop phobias of snakes than flowers?

Accepted Answer

Biological preparedness

Question 15

Which of the following statements about memory is most accurate according to current psychological research?

Accepted Answer

Memory is reconstructive and subject to errors and distortions.

Question 16

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory formation?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory involves conscious recall, while implicit memory is unconscious and revealed through performance.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of priming?

Accepted Answer

Identifying the word 'STEM' more quickly after recently reading about science topics

Question 19

According to the concept of 'retrieval cues,' which scenario is most likely to help someone recall information?

Accepted Answer

Returning to the same room where the information was originally learned

Question 20

Which equation best represents the relationship between the number of pairings ($$n) $$and the strength of the conditioned response ($$CR) in $$classical conditioning, assuming all other factors are constant?

Accepted Answer

$$ CR \propto n $$

Psychology 104 Study Guide: Learning and Memory

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