Question 1

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'perceptual set' in psychology?

Accepted Answer

A tendency to perceive or notice some aspects of the available sensory data and ignore others based on expectations.

Question 2

In Sherif's Robbers Cave Experiment, what was the primary method used to reduce intergroup conflict?

Accepted Answer

Introducing superordinate goals that required cooperation between groups.

Question 3

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'confirmation bias'?

Accepted Answer

A person only seeks out information that supports their existing beliefs and ignores contradictory evidence.

Question 4

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which stage is characterized by the challenge of 'identity vs. role confusion'?

Accepted Answer

Adolescence

Question 5

Dr. Elizabeth Loftus' research on eyewitness testimony primarily demonstrated which psychological phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Memory is reconstructive and can be influenced by misleading information.

Question 6

Which formula represents the calculation of the mean in a set of scores $$x_1$$, $$x_2$$, ..., x_n$$?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i}{n}$$

Question 7

A researcher wants to test the effect of sleep deprivation on memory recall. Which research design would best control for individual differences?

Accepted Answer

Within-subjects design

Question 8

Which of the following is a key finding from Harlow's monkey studies regarding attachment?

Accepted Answer

Infant monkeys preferred comfort and security over food when choosing between surrogate mothers.

Question 9

Which concept is best illustrated by the tendency to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior?

Accepted Answer

Fundamental attribution error

Question 10

In the context of happiness research, which strategy has been shown to increase long-term happiness according to positive psychology?

Accepted Answer

Engaging in regular acts of kindness and practicing gratitude.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the 'availability heuristic'?

Accepted Answer

Estimating the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind.

Question 12

A psychologist is studying the effect of a new therapy on depression. She randomly assigns participants to either the therapy group or a control group. What type of study is this?

Accepted Answer

Experimental study

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a superordinate goal?

Accepted Answer

Two rival sports teams working together to repair a community center after a natural disaster.

Question 14

Which equation represents the calculation of the standard deviation for a sample of scores $$x_1$$, $$x_2$$, ..., x_n$$ with mean $$\bar{x}$$?

Accepted Answer

$$\sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_i - \bar{x})^2$}{n-1}}$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of schemas in cognitive psychology?

Accepted Answer

Schemas help organize and interpret information, influencing perception and memory.

Question 16

In the context of reducing prejudice, which strategy is most effective according to research?

Accepted Answer

Facilitating cooperative interactions toward shared goals.

Question 17

Which of the following is a common misconception about the nature of happiness?

Accepted Answer

Happiness is primarily determined by external circumstances.

Question 18

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'actor-observer bias'?

Accepted Answer

Attributing one's own actions to situational factors while attributing others' actions to their personality.

Question 19

A student believes that studying in groups always leads to better exam performance, but ignores evidence to the contrary. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias

Question 20

Which of the following is a key implication of Dr. Loftus' research for the legal system?

Accepted Answer

Eyewitness testimony should be treated with caution due to its susceptibility to distortion.

Psychology 105 Final Exam Review: Key Concepts and Theories

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