Likelihood = Diathesis \times Stress

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the three elements required to define a psychological disorder?

Accepted Answer

Psychological dysfunction, personal distress or impairment, and atypical or not culturally expected response

Question 2

According to the humoral theory, which bodily fluid was believed to cause melancholia when present in excess?

Accepted Answer

Black bile

Question 3

A patient presents with sudden onset of panic attacks. Which term best describes this type of disorder onset?

Accepted Answer

Acute onset

Question 4

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with inhibition and restraint, and its interaction with dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin

Question 5

In the diathesis–stress model, what is the formula for the likelihood of developing a disorder?

Accepted Answer

Likelihood = Diathesis 	imes Stress

Question 6

Which historical treatment for psychological disorders was based on the idea of shocking the body to rid it of evil spirits?

Accepted Answer

Dunking people in ice-cold water

Question 7

Which principle in developmental psychopathology states that there are many paths to a given outcome?

Accepted Answer

Equifinality

Question 8

A scientist-practitioner is expected to do all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Ignore new scientific developments in their field

Question 9

Which neurotransmitter is most likely to be involved in generalized anxiety due to its inhibitory effects?

Accepted Answer

GABA

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of prepared learning?

Accepted Answer

Developing a fear of snakes more easily than rocks

Question 11

Which model suggests that genetic endowment may increase the probability that an individual will experience stressful life events?

Accepted Answer

Gene–environment correlation model

Question 12

Which of the following best illustrates implicit memory?

Accepted Answer

A person acts in response to past events they cannot consciously recall

Question 13

Which neurotransmitter is most directly involved in the body’s alarm reaction and may contribute to panic attacks?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-world example of the brain–gut connection influencing psychological health?

Accepted Answer

People with irritable bowel syndrome often experience depression

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the concept of learned helplessness?

Accepted Answer

Believing one has no control over their environment after repeated exposure to uncontrollable events

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a component of emotion as described in emotion science?

Accepted Answer

Genetic predisposition

Question 17

Which of the following statements about moral therapy is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It emphasized treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible and encouraged social interaction

Question 18

Which of the following best illustrates the principle of equifinality?

Accepted Answer

A delusional syndrome can arise from schizophrenia or amphetamine abuse

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of Dorothea Dix’s mental hygiene movement?

Accepted Answer

A substantial increase in the number of patients in institutions, leading to a decline in humane treatment

Question 20

Which neurotransmitter is most implicated in disorders of addiction and schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Psychopathology: Historical and Integrative Approaches

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