Question 1

According to Freud's psychoanalytic perspective, what is the most important factor in personality development during the first two years of life?

Accepted Answer

The management of the weaning process to avoid frustration or overgratification of the infant's need to suck.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the main finding from Harlow's study with infant monkeys and surrogate mothers?

Accepted Answer

Infant monkeys spent most of their time with the soft terrycloth mother, seeking comfort, especially when frightened.

Question 3

According to ethological perspectives, why are infants genetically predisposed to form attachments?

Accepted Answer

Because attachment increases the likelihood of survival by ensuring proximity to a caregiver.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a component of Bowlby's concept of internal models in attachment theory?

Accepted Answer

A child's ability to form secure attachments with peers before age one.

Question 5

Which hormone responses are required in both mothers and fathers to provide the care infants need, according to research on synchrony?

Accepted Answer

Vasopressin and oxytocin

Question 6

In the Strange Situation Test, which attachment pattern is characterized by a child who avoids contact with the mother, especially at reunion after an absence?

Accepted Answer

Insecure/avoidant attachment

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the phase of 'secure base behavior' in the development of attachment?

Accepted Answer

Babies show proximity-seeking behaviors and true attachment emerges.

Question 8

A researcher observes that a child clings to their caregiver when a stranger enters the room and becomes visibly upset when the caregiver leaves. What is the child most likely exhibiting?

Accepted Answer

Stranger anxiety followed by separation anxiety

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the stability of attachment classification is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Attachment security or insecurity tends to remain consistent unless there are major changes in the environment.

Question 10

Which of the following is a misconception about autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and attachment?

Accepted Answer

Vaccines increase a child's risk of developing ASDs.

Question 11

Which phase of attachment development is characterized by infants directing their 'come here' signals to fewer people?

Accepted Answer

Phase 2: Focus on one or more figures (3 to 6 months)

Question 12

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of social referencing in infancy?

Accepted Answer

An infant looks to their caregiver's facial expression to decide how to react to a new toy.

Question 13

Which of the following is most likely to influence the degree of father involvement in direct caregiving, according to research on synchrony?

Accepted Answer

Cultural beliefs about gender equality

Question 14

A child who shows dazed behavior, confusion, or apprehension during the reunion phase of the Strange Situation Test is most likely classified as having which attachment style?

Accepted Answer

Insecure/disorganized attachment

Question 15

Which of the following is a key difference between Freud's and Erikson's views of early personality development?

Accepted Answer

Erikson emphasized responding to infant needs beyond nursing, while Freud focused on the weaning process.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of synchrony in parent-infant relationships?

Accepted Answer

It involves mutual, interlocking patterns of attachment behaviors between caregiver and infant.

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the development of attachment in infants?

Accepted Answer

Attachment develops gradually and depends on both the quantity and quality of interaction with caregivers.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world implication of the sensitive period for attachment formation in the first two years of life?

Accepted Answer

Infants who fail to form a close relationship with a caregiver during this period are at risk for future social and emotional problems.

Social and Personality Development in Infancy: Attachment and Early Relationships

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