Question 1

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, which component of personality acts as a moral judge and contains the rules of society?

Accepted Answer

Superego

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the process of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Watson's 'Little Albert' experiment?

Accepted Answer

An infant develops a fear response to a previously neutral stimulus after it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 3

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the primary developmental task during adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Identity vs. role confusion

Question 4

Which defense mechanism, according to Freud, involves pushing distressing thoughts out of conscious awareness?

Accepted Answer

Repression

Question 5

A child who is fixated at the oral stage of Freud's psychosexual development may exhibit which of the following adult behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Passivity and oral behaviors

Question 6

Which of the following is a key criticism of psychoanalytic theories according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Their concepts are often fuzzy and difficult to test empirically.

Question 7

Skinner's operant conditioning theory states that behaviors are repeated or stopped based on their consequences. Which equation best represents the relationship between behavior and reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

$$Behavior \rightarrow Reinforcement \rightarrow Increased\ Frequency$$

Question 8

Bandura’s social-cognitive theory introduced the concept of self-efficacy. Which scenario best illustrates self-efficacy?

Accepted Answer

A student believes they can master a new skill and therefore persists despite challenges.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Postformal operational

Question 10

Vygotsky’s concept of the 'zone of proximal development' refers to:

Accepted Answer

Tasks a child can accomplish with guidance from an adult or more skilled peer

Question 11

Which system in Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory includes government institutions and wealth?

Accepted Answer

Exosystem

Question 12

Behavior geneticists often study twins to understand the influence of heredity. Which equation best represents the relationship between genetic similarity and trait similarity?

Accepted Answer

$$Genetic\ Similarity \uparrow \Rightarrow Trait\ Similarity \uparrow$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'eclecticism' in developmental psychology?

Accepted Answer

Combining multiple theoretical perspectives to create a more comprehensive understanding

Question 14

Which of the following is a practical implication of classical conditioning for treating childhood anxiety?

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization can be used to help children overcome fears.

Question 15

According to Piaget, which process involves changing existing mental schemes to incorporate new information?

Accepted Answer

Accommodation

Question 16

Which of the following is a major strength of Erikson’s psychosocial theory compared to Freud’s psychosexual theory?

Accepted Answer

It explains development as a lifelong process involving cultural and social factors.

Question 17

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of partial reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A child receives praise only on some occasions when they complete their homework.

Question 18

Ethologists and sociobiologists differ in their focus. Which statement best summarizes this difference?

Accepted Answer

Ethologists study universal behaviors supporting individual survival, while sociobiologists study universal behaviors supporting group survival.

Question 19

Which of the following is a criterion used by developmentalists to judge the usefulness of a theory?

Accepted Answer

Ability to generate testable predictions

Theories of Development: Psychoanalytic, Learning, and Social-Cognitive Approaches

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