Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a parameter and a statistic?

Accepted Answer

A parameter is a numerical measurement describing a characteristic of a population, while a statistic describes a characteristic of a sample.

Question 2

A researcher wants to study the effect of a new drug on blood pressure. She randomly assigns participants to either receive the drug or a placebo and measures their blood pressure after 6 weeks. What type of statistical study is this?

Accepted Answer

Experimental study

Question 3

Which level of measurement is most appropriate for the variable 'temperature in Celsius'?

Accepted Answer

Interval

Question 4

A school wants to survey students about cafeteria food. They divide students by grade level and randomly select 10 students from each grade. Which sampling method is being used?

Accepted Answer

Stratified sampling

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of continuous data?

Accepted Answer

Height of a person measured in centimeters

Question 6

A survey asks respondents to rate their satisfaction with a service as 'unsatisfied', 'neutral', or 'satisfied'. What is the level of measurement for this variable?

Accepted Answer

Ordinal

Question 7

In a study, every 5th person entering a hospital is selected for a survey. Which sampling method is used?

Accepted Answer

Systematic sampling

Question 8

Which of the following statements about descriptive and inferential statistics is correct?

Accepted Answer

Descriptive statistics involve summarizing data, while inferential statistics use sample data to draw conclusions about a population.

Question 9

A researcher collects data from past medical records to study the relationship between smoking and lung disease. What type of observational study is this?

Accepted Answer

Retrospective (case-control) study

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a biased sample?

Accepted Answer

Surveying only students who are present in the library at 8 AM.

Question 11

A company wants to estimate the average salary of its employees. They randomly select 5 departments, then include all employees from those departments in the sample. Which sampling method is this?

Accepted Answer

Cluster sampling

Question 12

Which of the following is a common issue that can lead to misleading statistics?

Accepted Answer

Presenting statistics without context or comparison

Question 13

A researcher wants to study the effect of exercise on heart health. She follows a group of people who exercise regularly and a group who do not, collecting data over the next 10 years. What type of study is this?

Accepted Answer

Prospective (cohort) study

Question 14

Which of the following variables is measured at the ratio level?

Accepted Answer

Salary in dollars

Question 15

A survey is conducted using only people who volunteer to participate. What is the main issue with this sampling method?

Accepted Answer

It is a convenience sample and may not accurately reflect the population.

Question 16

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of blinding in an experiment?

Accepted Answer

Subjects do not know whether they receive the treatment or placebo.

Question 17

A researcher wants to study the relationship between age and income. Which type of data are both variables?

Accepted Answer

Both are quantitative data.

Question 18

Which formula represents the probability of selecting a specific individual from a population of $$N$$ individuals using simple random sampling?

Accepted Answer

$$P = \frac{1}{N}$$

Question 19

A researcher wants to estimate the average height of trees in a forest. She divides the forest into sections, randomly selects some sections, and measures all trees in those sections. Which sampling method is this?

Accepted Answer

Cluster sampling

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of detached statistics?

Accepted Answer

Reporting that a new medication reduces symptoms by 30% without specifying compared to what.

Introduction to Statistics: Key Concepts and Foundations

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