Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Accepted Answer

Anatomy studies the structure of body parts, while physiology studies their function.

Question 2

A patient is unable to sweat due to a genetic disorder affecting their sweat glands. Which type of gland is most likely affected, and what is its mode of secretion?

Accepted Answer

Merocrine gland; secretes by exocytosis

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct order of the six levels of organization in the human body, from simplest to most complex?

Accepted Answer

Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

Question 4

A patient presents with a burn that affects the epidermis and the entire dermis, resulting in loss of sensation and a leathery appearance. According to the classification of burns, what degree is this burn and what is the main risk associated with it?

Accepted Answer

Third-degree burn; risk of dehydration and infection

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the role of oxygen in glucose catabolism?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the overall reaction for aerobic glucose catabolism?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\,\mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\,\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\,\mathrm{H_2O} + 36\,\mathrm{ATP}$$

Question 7

A tissue sample from the trachea shows cells with cilia on their apical surface and nuclei at varying heights. Which epithelial tissue is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why hydrolysis of ATP is highly exergonic?

Accepted Answer

The products (ADP and Pi) are more stable and have lower free energy than ATP.

Question 9

A patient has a tumor that is growing rapidly and invading surrounding tissues. Which term best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Neoplasia

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct example of a negative feedback mechanism in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose by insulin

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of melanocytes in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

They produce melanin, which protects DNA from UV radiation.

Question 12

Which connective tissue type is found in tendons and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Dense regular connective tissue; resists tension in one direction

Question 13

A patient with a genetic defect cannot produce gap junctions. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Direct cell-to-cell communication

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Accepted Answer

Keratinized epithelium contains dead surface cells filled with keratin; nonkeratinized does not.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the hypodermis?

Accepted Answer

Insulation and energy storage

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Energy released from exergonic reactions is used to drive endergonic reactions.

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue that distinguishes it from skeletal muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Presence of intercalated discs

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of Langerhans cells in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

They act as immune cells, detecting and presenting antigens.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct example of a gradient in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ion concentration difference across a cell membrane

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the main function of serous membranes?

Accepted Answer

They reduce friction between moving organs.

Anatomy & Physiology: Core Concepts and Learning Objectives (Modules 1, 4, 5, 23)

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