Question 1

A patient is experiencing swelling of their cells after being administered an intravenous solution. Which type of solution was most likely given, and what is the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic solution; water moves into the cells causing them to swell.

Question 2

Which organelle is responsible for degrading old, worn-out organelles and cellular debris, and what would happen if this organelle malfunctioned?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome; cellular waste would accumulate, potentially leading to cell death.

Question 3

A blood sample is left to stand and the blood cells settle out of the plasma over time. This demonstrates which type of mixture?

Accepted Answer

Suspension

Question 4

Which property of water is most important for maintaining a stable internal body temperature during exercise, and what is the underlying principle?

Accepted Answer

High heat capacity; water resists temperature changes due to its hydrogen bonds.

Question 5

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than its cytoplasm. What will happen to the cell, and which term describes this process?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrivel; crenation.

Question 6

Which directional term best describes the position of the head relative to the neck?

Accepted Answer

Superior

Question 7

In the chemical reaction $$\mathrm{NaOH} + \mathrm{HCl} \rightarrow \mathrm{NaCl} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}$$, which compound is classified as a reactant?

Accepted Answer

NaOH

Question 8

A nerve cell releases neurotransmitters to stimulate a nearby muscle cell. Which core principle of physiology does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Cell-cell communication

Question 9

Which organ system is primarily responsible for filtering waste from the blood, and what is a major organ involved?

Accepted Answer

Urinary system; kidney

Question 10

A solution at pH 5 has how many times more hydrogen ions ($$\mathrm{H}^+) $$than a solution at pH 6?

Accepted Answer

10x more

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the basic structure of the plasma membrane according to the fluid mosaic model?

Accepted Answer

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and sugars that flow freely.

Question 12

Which process moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires energy input from the cell?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 13

During blood clotting, the activation of one clotting factor leads to the activation of more clotting factors in a cascade. This is an example of which type of feedback loop?

Accepted Answer

Positive feedback

Question 14

Which organ system uses chemical messengers called hormones to regulate body functions?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine system

Question 15

A cell is placed in a solution containing 3% dextrose, while its cytoplasm contains 1% dextrose. What type of solution is this, and what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic; the cell will lose water and shrivel.

Question 16

Which property of cell membrane phospholipids allows them to form a bilayer in aqueous environments?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Question 17

Which organelle is NOT involved in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct sequence of levels of structural organization in the human body, from simplest to most complex?

Accepted Answer

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

Question 19

Which type of chemical reaction releases energy, and what is an example relevant to human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Exergonic reaction; glucose breakdown during cellular respiration

Question 20

Which structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm muscle; aids in breathing by contracting and relaxing

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Key Concepts and Practice Questions

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