Q: A patient has a stroke volume of 70 mL and a heart rate of 80 beats per minute. What is their cardiac output?

$$CO = 70 \times 80 = 5600\ \text{mL/min}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

To serve as the main site for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a myocardial infarction. Which of the following best explains what has occurred?

Accepted Answer

A blockage in a coronary artery has led to the death of heart muscle tissue due to lack of oxygen.

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 4

A blood sample is analyzed and found to contain both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, but no Rh antibodies. What is the most likely blood type?

Accepted Answer

Type O-

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node in the cardiac conduction system?

Accepted Answer

It delays the electrical impulse to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles.

Question 6

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the QRS complex of an ECG occur, and what does it represent?

Accepted Answer

During ventricular systole; it represents ventricular depolarization.

Question 7

A patient has a stroke volume of 70 mL and a heart rate of 80 beats per minute. What is their cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 70 	imes 80 = 5600\ 	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 8

Which of the following statements about arteries and veins is correct?

Accepted Answer

Arteries have thicker walls than veins and carry blood away from the heart.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV)?

Accepted Answer

EDV is the volume of blood in the ventricle before contraction, ESV is after contraction.

Question 10

A patient with type AB+ blood can safely receive blood from which of the following donors?

Accepted Answer

Any blood type

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of platelets in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Initiating the clotting process to prevent blood loss

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It surrounds and protects the heart, reducing friction during heartbeats.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct order of the cardiac conduction system components, starting from the pacemaker?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

Question 14

A patient is found to have a heart rate of 45 beats per minute, which is lower than normal. Which part of the conduction system is most likely acting as the pacemaker in this case?

Accepted Answer

AV node

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the difference between the right and left ventricles of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

They are biconcave in shape and lack a nucleus.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the coronary arteries?

Accepted Answer

They supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct formula for stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 19

A patient with anemia is found to have a low hematocrit. What does this indicate about their blood?

Accepted Answer

They have a low percentage of red blood cells in their blood.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about lymphocytes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are involved in the immune response, with B cells producing antibodies and T cells attacking infected cells.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes: Cardiovascular System and Blood

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