Q: A patient has a blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg. Calculate their mean arterial pressure (MAP) using the formula $$\text{MAP} = \text{Diastolic Pressure} + \frac{1}{3}(\text{Systolic Pressure} - \text{Diastolic Pressure}).$$

$$\text{MAP} = 80 + \frac{1}{3}(130 - 80) = 80 + \frac{1}{3}(50) = 80 + 16.7 = 96.7$$ mmHg

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why erythrocytes (red blood cells) have a biconcave shape?

Accepted Answer

To increase the cell's surface area-to-volume ratio, enhancing gas exchange efficiency.

Question 2

A patient receives a transfusion of type B+ blood but is type A-. What is the most likely immediate consequence?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and hemolysis due to anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies attacking the transfused cells.

Question 3

Which hormone stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to hypoxia?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 4

During the cardiac cycle, which event is represented by the QRS complex on an ECG?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization

Question 5

A patient has a blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg. Calculate their mean arterial pressure (MAP) using the formula $$	ext{MAP} = 	ext{Diastolic Pressure} + \frac{1}{3}(	ext{Systolic Pressure} - 	ext{Diastolic Pressure}).$$

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{MAP} = 80 + \frac{1}{3}(130 - 80) = 80 + \frac{1}{3}(50) = 80 + 16.7 = 96.7$$ mmHg

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of the hepatic portal circulation?

Accepted Answer

It transports nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence of blood flow through the heart and great vessels, starting at the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary trunk → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why veins have valves, but arteries generally do not?

Accepted Answer

Veins operate under lower pressure and need valves to prevent backflow of blood.

Question 9

A patient is experiencing anaphylactic shock. Which of the following best describes the body's homeostatic response?

Accepted Answer

Widespread vasodilation leads to a rapid drop in blood pressure, triggering increased heart rate and vasoconstriction via sympathetic stimulation.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is correct?

Accepted Answer

Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin bound to oxygen, while deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin without oxygen.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between the pulmonary and systemic circuits?

Accepted Answer

The pulmonary circuit carries blood between the heart and lungs, while the systemic circuit carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of plasma proteins in blood?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting substances such as hormones and lipids.

Question 13

A person with type AB+ blood is considered a universal recipient for transfusions. Why?

Accepted Answer

They lack anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies in their plasma.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the baroreceptor reflex in blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

It detects changes in arterial pressure and adjusts heart rate and vessel diameter to maintain homeostasis.

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct formula for cardiac output ($$CO$$), and what does it represent?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$, representing the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle per minute.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the chordae tendineae in the heart?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the atrioventricular valves from inverting into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

Net filtration occurs at the arterial end due to higher hydrostatic pressure, while net reabsorption occurs at the venous end due to higher osmotic pressure.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricular wall is thicker than the right?

Accepted Answer

It must generate higher pressure to pump blood through the systemic circuit.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → Platelet plug formation → Coagulation

Question 20

A patient has a stroke volume of 70 mL and a heart rate of 80 beats per minute. What is their cardiac output? Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600 mL/$$min

Anatomy & Physiology: The Cardiovascular System – Blood, Heart, and Blood Vessels

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