Question 1

Which of the following best describes the flow of information in a negative feedback mechanism that regulates body temperature?

Accepted Answer

Receptor detects change, sends information via afferent pathway to control center, which sends commands via efferent pathway to effector.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing muscle cramps after running a marathon. Which survival need is most likely not being met, and why?

Accepted Answer

Water, because dehydration disrupts electrolyte balance necessary for muscle function.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Blood clotting after a vessel is damaged.

Question 4

Which directional term best describes the relationship of the heart to the lungs?

Accepted Answer

The heart is medial to the lungs.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why water is considered a polar molecule?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen attracts electrons more strongly, creating partial charges on the molecule.

Question 6

A solution has a pH of 3. Which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is acidic and has a high concentration of hydrogen ions ($$[H^+]).$$

Question 7

Which of the following chemical equations represents the buffer system that helps maintain blood pH?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + HCO_3^-} $$

Question 8

Which process is responsible for breaking down a disaccharide into two monosaccharides, and what molecule is required for this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis; water is added.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Question 10

A patient with bulimia frequently vomits, losing large amounts of stomach acid. What is the likely effect on their blood pH, and why?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH increases, leading to alkalosis because acid is lost from the body.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Storing genetic information for protein synthesis.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why ATP is considered the energy currency of the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in the bonds between its phosphate groups, especially the terminal phosphate.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic compound found in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Water ($$\mathrm{H_2O})$$

Question 14

Which organ system is primarily responsible for removing metabolic wastes from the blood and regulating water balance?

Accepted Answer

Urinary system

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bonds involve transferring electrons; covalent bonds involve sharing electrons.

Question 16

Which monomer is correctly matched with its corresponding polymer?

Accepted Answer

Nucleotide – nucleic acid

Question 17

A person is exposed to extreme cold, causing their body temperature to drop. Which of the following best describes the homeostatic response?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback triggers shivering to generate heat.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes denaturation of a protein?

Accepted Answer

Loss of three-dimensional structure due to changes in temperature or pH.

Question 19

Which body cavity contains both the heart and the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Ventral cavity

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why buffers are important in the human body?

Accepted Answer

They resist changes in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions ($$H^+).$$

BIO 163 Exam 1 Study Guide: The Human Body and Basic Chemistry

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