Course Overview

This syllabus outlines the structure, content, and requirements for BIOL 2113 Anatomy and Physiology I at Coastal Pines Technical College. The course provides a foundational understanding of human anatomy and physiology, emphasizing the systemic perspective of anatomical structures, physiological processes, and chemical principles related to physiology.

Course Topics and Learning Outcomes

Body Organization and Chemical Basis of Life

• Anatomy and Physiology: Anatomy is the study of body structure; physiology is the study of body function.

• Biological Functions: Includes processes necessary for survival such as metabolism, homeostasis, and cellular organization.

• Anatomical Position and Terminology: Standard reference position for the body; includes directional terms, planes, regions, and cavities.

• Complementarity: Structure and function are interrelated; the form of a structure suits its function.

• Levels of Organization: Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

• Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal environment; involves feedback mechanisms.

• Metabolism: All chemical reactions in the body; includes catabolism and anabolism.

• Feedback Cycles: Negative feedback opposes change (e.g., temperature regulation); positive feedback amplifies change (e.g., blood clotting).

• Chemical Principles: Atoms, molecules, elements, compounds, mixtures, solutions, solvents, and solutes.

• Chemical Bonds: Covalent (polar and non-polar), ionic, and hydrogen bonds.

• Water: Universal solvent, essential for life, involved in chemical reactions.

• Major Elements: C, H, O, N, Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe.

• Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids; each with specific roles in body structure and function.

• pH Scale: Measures acidity/alkalinity; acids and bases are important for physiological processes.

Cell Structure and Functions

• Cell Structure: Typical cell includes plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles.

• Organelles: Mitochondria (energy), ribosomes (protein synthesis), endoplasmic reticulum (transport), Golgi apparatus (packaging), lysosomes (digestion), etc.

• Membrane Transport: Passive (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion) and active (pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis) mechanisms.

• DNA Structure: Double helix, genetic code, basis for heredity.

• Cell Division: Mitosis (somatic cells), meiosis (gametes).

Tissue Classifications

• Tissue and Histology: Tissue is a group of similar cells; histology is the study of tissues.

• Four Major Tissue Types: Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

• Epithelial Tissue: Covers surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands; functions include protection, absorption, secretion.

• Connective Tissue: Supports, binds, protects; includes bone, cartilage, blood, adipose.

• Muscle Tissue: Skeletal (voluntary movement), cardiac (heart), smooth (walls of organs).

• Nervous Tissue: Conducts impulses; found in brain, spinal cord, nerves.

• Membranes: Mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial.

• Tissue Repair: Involves inflammation, regeneration, and fibrosis.

Integumentary System

• Functions: Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis.

• Layers: Epidermis (outer), dermis (middle), hypodermis (deepest).

• Epidermal Derivatives: Hair, nails, glands (sweat, sebaceous, ceruminous).

• Burns: Classified by degree (first, second, third) and surface area.

• Skin Cancer: Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma.

Skeletal System

• Functions: Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation.

• Bone Anatomy: Long and flat bones; compact and spongy bone tissue.

• Ossification: Intramembranous (flat bones), endochondral (long bones).

• Bone Growth: Interstitial (length), appositional (width).

• Remodeling and Repair: Continuous process; involves osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

• Bone Classification: By shape (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid).

• Bone Markings: Projections, depressions, openings for muscle attachment and passage of vessels/nerves.

• Axial and Appendicular Skeleton: Identification of major bones and markings.

• Joints: Articulations classified by structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and function (synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis).

• Synovial Joint Movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, etc.

• Selected Bone Diseases: Osteoporosis, fractures, arthritis.

Muscular System

• Muscle Tissue: Characteristics (excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity) and functions (movement, posture, heat production).

• Muscle Organization: Muscle fiber, fascicle, muscle, connective tissue coverings.

• Microscopic Anatomy: Sarcomere as the basic unit of contraction.

• Sliding Filament Theory: Explains muscle contraction via actin and myosin interaction.

• Neuromuscular Junction: Site of nerve-muscle communication.

• Muscle Physiology: Twitch, motor unit, tetanus, types of muscle fibers (slow, fast), contraction types (isotonic, isometric).

• Muscle Attachments: Origin (fixed), insertion (movable).

• Muscle Actions: Prime mover, antagonist, synergist, fixator.

• Naming Muscles: Based on location, size, shape, direction, number of origins, action.

• Principal Muscles: Identification and function in body regions.

• Muscle Disorders: Muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, cramps.

Nervous and Sensory Systems

• Functions: Sensory input, integration, motor output, homeostasis.

• Divisions: Central (CNS) and Peripheral (PNS).

• Neuron Structure: Cell body, dendrites, axon.

• Supporting Cells: Neuroglia in CNS (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells) and PNS (Schwann cells, satellite cells).

• Neuron Classification: Structural (multipolar, bipolar, unipolar), functional (sensory, motor, interneuron).

• Synapse: Junction between neurons; involves neurotransmitter release and binding.

• Action Potential: Electrical impulse; involves depolarization and repolarization.

• Neurophysiology Concepts: EPSP, IPSP, summation, all-or-none law, regeneration.

• Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, etc.

• Spinal Cord Anatomy: Meninges, cross-sectional structure, sensory/motor tracts.

• Reflex Arc: Components and examples (patellar, Golgi tendon, stretch, withdrawal).

• Plexuses and Nerves: Brachial, lumbosacral plexuses; major nerves and functions.

• Brain Anatomy: Principal parts, functional areas, basal nuclei, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum.

• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Function, composition, pathway.

• Blood-Brain Barrier: Selective permeability for brain protection.

• Cranial Nerves: Names, numbers, functions, classification (sensory, motor, mixed).

• Sensory Receptors: Exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors.

• Somatic vs. Autonomic Nervous System: Structure and function differences.

• Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic: Effects on organs, neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, norepinephrine).

• Special Senses: Olfaction, gustation, vision, hearing, equilibrium; anatomy and physiology of sensory organs.

• Common Disorders: CNS and special senses disorders.

Course Schedule Overview

Grading and Evaluation

• Class Participation/Homework/Quizzes: 50%

• Unit Exams: 30%

• Lab Dissection: 5%

• Final Examination: 10%

• Class Group Presentation: 5%

Course Policies and Resources

• Attendance: Required for success; specific policies for in-person and online students.

• Academic Integrity: Cheating and plagiarism are not tolerated.

• Disability Services: Accommodations available for eligible students.

• Tutoring: In-person and online tutoring available.

• Library Services: Access to print and electronic resources, study spaces, and technology.

• Security: Campus security contact information provided.

• Equal Opportunity: Non-discrimination policy in effect.

Textbook Information

• Title: Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology

• Author: Frederic H. Martini

• Edition: Eleventh

• Publisher: Pearson

• ISBN: 9780134396026

Contact Information

• Instructor: Nimita Fifadara, PhD

• Email: nfifadara@coastalpines.edu

• Office Hours: Mon & Wed; 4:00-6:00 pm

• Campus Location: Golden Isles, Office 1211