Q: A patient has an end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL and an end-systolic volume (ESV) of 50 mL. What is the stroke volume (SV)?

$$SV = 120\ \text{mL} - 50\ \text{mL} = 70\ \text{mL}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart, reducing friction during heartbeats.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a blockage in the left pulmonary artery. Which of the following best describes the immediate consequence of this blockage?

Accepted Answer

Reduced deoxygenated blood flow from the right ventricle to the left lung.

Question 3

Which of the following correctly matches a heart valve with its function?

Accepted Answer

Tricuspid valve: prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium during ventricular contraction.

Question 4

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does ventricular pressure exceed atrial pressure, causing the atrioventricular (AV) valves to close?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular systole

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the relationship between end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), and stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 6

A 60-year-old patient has a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is the cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$5600\ 	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 7

Which of the following best explains the effect of increased sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

It increases heart rate and increases contractility.

Question 8

Which ECG wave corresponds to ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 9

A patient’s ECG shows an abnormally prolonged PR interval. Which part of the cardiac conduction system is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the end-diastolic volume, the greater the force of contraction, up to a physiological limit.

Question 11

Which of the following is a unique feature of cardiac muscle tissue compared to skeletal muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells are connected by intercalated discs, allowing synchronized contraction.

Question 12

During the cardiac cycle, which event occurs immediately after the QRS complex on an ECG?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular contraction (systole)

Question 13

A patient has an end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL and an end-systolic volume (ESV) of 50 mL. What is the stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 120\ 	ext{mL} - 50\ 	ext{mL} = 70\ 	ext{mL}$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Accepted Answer

It acts as the primary pacemaker, initiating the electrical impulses that set the heart rate.

Question 15

Which of the following changes would most likely increase cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and increased stroke volume

Question 16

A patient is experiencing bradycardia (slow heart rate). Which of the following could be a direct cause?

Accepted Answer

Increased parasympathetic (vagal) stimulation

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricular wall is thicker than the right ventricular wall?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood at a higher pressure to the systemic circulation.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of aortic valve stenosis on cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

It decreases cardiac output by increasing resistance to blood ejection from the left ventricle.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that an electrical impulse travels through in the cardiac conduction system?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → bundle of His → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 20

A patient’s ECG shows no visible P waves, but a normal QRS complex and T wave. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

The atria are not depolarizing properly, possibly due to SA node dysfunction.

Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology: Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Heart

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