Q: Which equation correctly represents the action of the sodium-potassium pump during primary active transport?

For every ATP hydrolyzed: $$3\ \text{Na}^+ \text{out},\ 2\ \text{K}^+ \text{in}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane and regulates its fluidity.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a solution with an osmolarity of 400 mOsm/L. What will happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrivel (crenate) because water leaves the cell due to the hypertonic environment.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the action of the sodium-potassium pump during primary active transport?

Accepted Answer

For every ATP hydrolyzed: $$3\ 	ext{Na}^+ 	ext{out},\ 2\ 	ext{K}^+ 	ext{in}$$

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the propagation of action potentials in myelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials jump from one Node of Ranvier to the next, a process called saltatory conduction.

Question 5

A neuron receives simultaneous excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) from multiple presynaptic neurons. Which process determines whether an action potential will be generated?

Accepted Answer

Spatial summation at the axon hillock.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential ($$V_{	ext{rest}}) is $$correct?

Accepted Answer

It is established by the unequal distribution of ions and the activity of the Na+/K+ pump.

Question 7

During the depolarization phase of the action potential, which event occurs?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to enter the cell.

Question 8

Which glial cell is responsible for forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Astrocyte

Question 9

A patient is exposed to tetrodotoxin (TTX), a neurotoxin that blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels. What is the most likely effect on neuronal function?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials will be unable to initiate or propagate.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why larger axon diameter increases conduction velocity?

Accepted Answer

Larger diameter decreases resistance to ion flow, allowing faster propagation.

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter system is primarily responsible for excitatory signaling in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Glutamatergic system

Question 12

A neuron in the retina is found to have two distinct processes extending from opposite sides of its cell body. What is the structural classification of this neuron?

Accepted Answer

Bipolar

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the sensory-motor pathway when testing shower water temperature?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus detection → graded potential → action potential → spinal cord entry → thalamus → cerebral cortex → integration → motor command → muscle contraction

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE regarding facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

It moves substances down their concentration gradient using channel or carrier proteins.

Question 15

Which equation best describes osmosis across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the absolute refractory period is correct?

Accepted Answer

No action potential can be generated regardless of stimulus strength.

Question 17

Which type of membrane protein is most likely to function as a receptor for hormones?

Accepted Answer

Integral protein

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of microglia in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Immune defense and phagocytosis of pathogens and debris

Question 19

Which of the following is a property of ionotropic receptors?

Accepted Answer

They are ligand-gated ion channels that cause rapid voltage changes.

Question 20

A neuron receives repeated excitatory signals from a single presynaptic input in rapid succession. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Temporal summation

Cell Membrane Transport and Nervous System Structure & Function: Study Guide

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