Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in a generalized cell?

Accepted Answer

It regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 2

The plasma membrane is primarily composed of which two types of molecules, and how does this composition relate to its selective permeability?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids and proteins; phospholipids create a hydrophobic barrier, while proteins facilitate transport.

Question 3

A patient receives an intravenous solution with a solute concentration higher than their blood plasma. Which transport mechanism will primarily affect their red blood cells, and what is the expected outcome?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis; red blood cells will shrink as water leaves the cells.

Question 4

Which of the following best distinguishes facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins to transport substances, while simple diffusion does not.

Question 5

A cell engulfs a bacterium by wrapping its plasma membrane around it and forming a vesicle. Which process is this, and what is the main function?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis; the cell is ingesting large particles for defense.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between cilia and microvilli?

Accepted Answer

Cilia are longer and involved in movement, while microvilli are shorter and increase surface area for absorption.

Question 7

During which phase of the cell life cycle does DNA replication occur, and what is the significance of this event?

Accepted Answer

S phase; it ensures each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic material.

Question 8

Which equation best represents the process of osmosis across a semipermeable membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$ \Pi = RTC $$

Question 9

Which organelle is responsible for ATP production, and what is the main chemical reaction involved?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria; cellular respiration: $$ C$$_{6}$$H_{12}O$$_{6} + 6O_{2} \rightarrow 6CO_{2} + 6H_{2}O + ATP $

Question 10

Which of the following best defines a gene?

Accepted Answer

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

Question 11

Which statement best describes the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

mRNA provides the template for assembling amino acids in the correct order.

Question 12

A cell is observed to release large quantities of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Which process is responsible for this release?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis

Question 13

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for maintaining cell shape and resisting mechanical stress?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments

Question 14

Which of the following is a major difference between receptor-mediated endocytosis and pinocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is selective for specific molecules, while pinocytosis is non-selective.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the composition of cytosol?

Accepted Answer

A gel-like solution containing water, ions, nutrients, and proteins.

Question 16

Which phase of protein synthesis involves the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide chain, and which molecules are directly involved?

Accepted Answer

Translation; mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

Question 17

Which equation best represents the process of DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

$$ DNA_{parent} ightarrow 2 	imes DNA_{daughter} $$

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of ATP.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the composition of extracellular materials?

Accepted Answer

Extracellular materials consist mainly of water, proteins, and polysaccharides forming the extracellular matrix.

Question 20

A cell is exposed to a toxin that disrupts the function of ribosomes. Which process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Cell Structure and Function: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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