Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ ATPase) in maintaining the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It pumps $$3\ \mathrm{Na^+}$$ out of the cell and $$2\ \mathrm{K^+}$$ into the cell, using ATP, resulting in a net negative charge inside.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and possibly burst because water will move into the cell by osmosis.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis of steroid hormones and detoxification of drugs in liver cells?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

A patient has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of functional desmosomes. Which tissue would be most affected by this defect?

Accepted Answer

Skin epidermis, due to its exposure to mechanical stress

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why oxygen ($$\mathrm{O_2$}) $$can diffuse directly through the plasma membrane, but glucose cannot?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen is nonpolar and lipid-soluble, while glucose is polar and requires a carrier protein.

Question 6

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

A liver cell internalizes low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles by binding them to specific membrane receptors.

Question 7

Which cytoskeletal element is most responsible for resisting pulling forces and helping form desmosomes in cells exposed to mechanical stress?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments

Question 8

A cell is observed to have abundant mitochondria. Which of the following is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Active transport of ions, such as in muscle contraction

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in protein processing?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of peroxisomes in liver cells?

Accepted Answer

Detoxification of alcohol and neutralization of free radicals

Question 11

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. Which equation best describes the osmotic pressure ($$\Pi) $$responsible for this movement, assuming ideal behavior?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = MRT$$

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of microvilli on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

To increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

Question 13

Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is correct?

Accepted Answer

It involves carrier or channel proteins and moves substances down their concentration gradient.

Question 14

Which organelle is responsible for digesting bacteria and viruses in white blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why the plasma membrane is described as a 'fluid mosaic'?

Accepted Answer

It is a flexible bilayer with proteins and lipids that can move laterally within the layer.

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-life example of exocytosis?

Accepted Answer

A neuron releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the nucleolus?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosome subunits.

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of chromatin?

Accepted Answer

It consists of DNA wrapped around histone proteins, forming nucleosomes.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of aquaporins in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They facilitate the rapid movement of water molecules across the membrane.

Question 20

A mutation causes a cell to lack functional centrioles. Which cellular process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Organization of the mitotic spindle during cell division

Cellular Form and Function: Structure and Physiology of the Cell

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