Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in maintaining homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It oversees vital involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and urinary functions.

Question 2

In a visceral reflex arc, which sequence correctly describes the flow of information?

Accepted Answer

Sensory neuron → CNS → Motor neuron → Autonomic ganglion → Target organ

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is released at the synapse between a preganglionic and postganglionic neuron in both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 4

A patient is given a drug that blocks beta-1 ($$\$$beta_1$$) adrenergic receptors. What is the expected effect on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Decreased heart rate and force of contraction

Question 5

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the organization of the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Preganglionic axons are short and postganglionic axons are long.

Question 6

Which receptor type is responsible for vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin during sympathetic activation?

Accepted Answer

Alpha-1 ($$\$$alpha_1$$) adrenergic receptors

Question 7

During a 'fight or flight' response, which of the following changes occurs in the bronchioles?

Accepted Answer

Bronchodilation mediated by beta-2 ($$\$$beta_2$$) adrenergic receptors

Question 8

Which cranial nerve provides approximately 90% of parasympathetic innervation to the body?

Accepted Answer

Vagus (X)

Question 9

A drug that acts as a muscarinic antagonist would most likely cause which of the following effects?

Accepted Answer

Decreased gastrointestinal motility and dry mouth

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions often have antagonistic effects on the same organ?

Accepted Answer

They use different neurotransmitters and receptors, leading to opposite effects.

Question 11

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic activation on metabolic rate?

Accepted Answer

Increase in breakdown of lipids in adipocytes

Question 12

A patient with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) stands up and experiences dizziness and rapid heart rate. Which physiological mechanism is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Excessive sympathetic activity or sensitivity to norepinephrine and epinephrine causing vasodilation and tachycardia

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE regarding dual innervation of organs by the ANS?

Accepted Answer

Most organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Question 14

Which neurotransmitter and receptor combination is responsible for stimulating sweat gland secretion during sympathetic activation?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder?

Accepted Answer

Relaxation of urinary sphincters, promoting urination

Question 16

A patient is prescribed a beta-blocker to treat hypertension. What is the mechanism of action of this drug?

Accepted Answer

It blocks beta-1 ($$\$$beta_1$$) receptors on the heart, decreasing heart rate and force of contraction.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus in autonomic regulation?

Accepted Answer

It sends signals to autonomic centers in the reticular formation to regulate physiological variables.

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely occur during strong sympathetic activation in response to emotional stress?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood clotting and enhanced mental alertness

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the concept of autonomic tone?

Accepted Answer

It is the constant, baseline level of activity from each division of the ANS in different organs.

Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System and Homeostasis – Study Notes

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