$$250,000,000 \times 4 = 1,000,000,000$$ molecules of O$$_2$$

$$\text{Prothrombin} \xrightarrow{\text{Prothrombin activator}} \text{Thrombin}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the composition of blood after centrifugation, as shown in the first image?

Accepted Answer

Plasma on top, buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets) in the middle, erythrocytes at the bottom

Question 2

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath. Laboratory results show a hematocrit of 30%. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Anemia

Question 3

Which plasma protein is most abundant and primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 4

The biconcave shape of erythrocytes (as shown in the fifth image) is advantageous because it:

Accepted Answer

Allows for increased flexibility and a larger surface area for gas exchange

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin in a single erythrocyte?

Accepted Answer

$$250,000,000 	imes 4 = 1,000,000,000$$ molecules of O$$_2$$

Question 6

A patient at high altitude experiences increased erythropoietin (EPO) secretion. What is the physiological reason for this response?

Accepted Answer

Decreased oxygen availability stimulates the kidneys to release EPO

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the fate of heme after erythrocyte destruction?

Accepted Answer

It is degraded to bilirubin, transported to the liver, and excreted in bile

Question 8

Which white blood cell type is most abundant and is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria, as shown in the labeled SEM image?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 9

A patient with a genetic mutation resulting in abnormal hemoglobin that causes erythrocytes to become crescent-shaped is most likely suffering from:

Accepted Answer

Sickle-cell anemia

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Question 11

Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of several clotting factors?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K

Question 12

A patient receives a transfusion of mismatched blood. Which of the following is the most immediate risk?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and hemolysis of donor erythrocytes

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why O-negative blood is considered the universal donor?

Accepted Answer

It lacks A, B, and Rh antigens, so it does not trigger an immune response in recipients

Question 14

Which of the following equations best represents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin during coagulation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Prothrombin} \xrightarrow{	ext{Prothrombin activator}} 	ext{Thrombin}$$

Question 15

A patient with a platelet count of 30,000/μl is at risk for which condition?

Accepted Answer

Thrombocytopenia

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of plasmin in the body?

Accepted Answer

It digests fibrin clots during fibrinolysis

Question 17

A newborn develops jaundice due to an accumulation of bilirubin. Which process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Liver uptake and excretion of bilirubin

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why a patient with chronic kidney disease may develop anemia?

Accepted Answer

Decreased production of erythropoietin

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of basophils?

Accepted Answer

Release of histamine to promote inflammation

Question 20

A patient with a genetic disorder preventing the production of heme will most likely present with which symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Fatigue, pallor, and extreme sensitivity to light

Chapter 17: Blood – Structure, Function, and Clinical Aspects

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