Question 1

Which of the following best describes the position of the heart within the thoracic cavity?

Accepted Answer

The heart is located in the mediastinum, with its apex pointing inferiorly and to the left.

Question 2

Which structure separates the left and right ventricles on the external surface of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Interventricular sulcus

Question 3

Why is it significant that the heart functions as a double pump?

Accepted Answer

It separates pulmonary and systemic circulation, preventing mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Question 4

Which vessel carries oxygen-poor blood from the body to the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Inferior vena cava

Question 5

Which of the following correctly traces the pathway of blood through the heart starting from the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta

Question 6

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium?

Accepted Answer

Left atrioventricular (mitral) valve

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the atrioventricular valves from inverting during ventricular contraction.

Question 8

Which statement best describes the difference between coronary arteries and cardiac veins?

Accepted Answer

Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, while cardiac veins remove deoxygenated blood.

Question 9

Which of the following is a unique feature of cardiac muscle tissue compared to skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells exhibit autorhythmicity due to pacemaker cells.

Question 10

During the plateau phase of the cardiac contractile cell action potential, which ion movement is primarily responsible for maintaining the prolonged depolarization?

Accepted Answer

Influx of calcium ions through voltage-gated calcium channels

Question 11

Which part of the cardiac conduction system is known as the primary pacemaker of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 12

Which ECG waveform corresponds to ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 13

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the ventricles filling with blood and the atrioventricular valves open?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular diastole

Question 14

Which heart sound is associated with the closing of the atrioventricular valves?

Accepted Answer

S1 (lub)

Question 15

If the end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 120 mL and the end-systolic volume (ESV) is 50 mL, what is the stroke volume (SV)?

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Accepted Answer

SV = 70 mL

Question 16

A patient has a heart rate (HR) of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume (SV) of 65 mL. What is the cardiac output (CO)?

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Accepted Answer

CO = 5,200 mL/min

Question 17

Which of the following best describes preload in the context of cardiac physiology?

Accepted Answer

The degree of stretch of the ventricular muscle cells at the end of diastole

Question 18

According to the Frank-Starling law, what happens to stroke volume when end-diastolic volume increases?

Accepted Answer

Stroke volume increases as the heart muscle stretches more.

Question 19

Which agent would increase cardiac output by increasing heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Positive chronotropic agent

Question 20

A patient is given a drug that increases contractility and heart rate. What is the expected effect on cardiac output?

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Accepted Answer

Cardiac output will increase due to increased stroke volume and heart rate.

Chapter 17: The Cardiovascular System I – The Heart (Study Notes)

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