Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which peptide hormones exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They bind to extracellular receptors, activating G proteins and second messengers such as $$cAMP.$$

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of hyperglycemia, excessive thirst, and frequent urination. Laboratory tests reveal normal insulin levels but decreased sensitivity of target cells to insulin. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels and what is one of its primary effects?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates osteoclast activity to release calcium from bone

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the formation and release of thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Iodide is absorbed by follicle cells, converted to iodine, incorporated into thyroglobulin, then T3 and T4 are released after lysosomal breakdown.

Question 5

A patient with a tumor in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex would most likely exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Elevated blood sodium and increased blood pressure due to excess aldosterone

Question 6

Which hormone is synthesized in the hypothalamus but released from the posterior pituitary gland, and what is one of its main functions?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 7

Which of the following best explains the permissive effect in hormone interactions?

Accepted Answer

One hormone is required for another hormone to exert its full effect.

Question 8

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), which hormone is dominant and what is its primary metabolic effect?

Accepted Answer

Glucocorticoids; mobilization of lipids and amino acids for energy

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Promotes calcium excretion by the kidneys and inhibits osteoclast activity

Question 10

A patient is experiencing symptoms of Cushing’s disease. Which hormone is likely being secreted in excess, and from which region of the adrenal gland?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol from the zona fasciculata

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It transports regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 12

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males?

Accepted Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct example of an antagonistic hormone interaction?

Accepted Answer

Insulin and glucagon regulating blood glucose levels

Question 14

A patient with a deficiency in thyroid hormone during early childhood is most likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Developmental delay and abnormal nervous system development

Question 15

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; regulation of circadian rhythms

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones have longer-lasting effects than peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones circulate bound to plasma proteins, making them less susceptible to enzymatic breakdown.

Question 17

Which hormone is released by the heart in response to increased blood volume, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); decreases blood volume and blood pressure

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of growth hormone (GH) in children?

Accepted Answer

Promotes muscular and skeletal development

Question 19

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating red blood cell production in the bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 20

A patient is given a drug that blocks the action of angiotensin II. Which of the following effects would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased secretion of ADH and aldosterone, leading to lower blood pressure

Chapter 18: The Endocrine System – Study Notes

스터디 가이드 - 연습 문제

학습 가이드 - 플래시카드