Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between kinetic and potential energy in the context of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Potential energy is stored in the chemical bonds of ATP, and kinetic energy is released as muscles contract and move.

Question 2

A solution of NaCl in water is an example of which type of mixture, and why?

Accepted Answer

A solution, because the solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out, and do not scatter light.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about ionic bonds is correct?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why water is an effective solvent for ionic compounds?

Accepted Answer

Water forms hydration layers around ions due to its polarity, separating and surrounding the ions.

Question 5

A patient presents with an arterial pH of 6.8. Based on the properties of enzymes and pH, what is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Enzyme activity will be severely impaired, and survival is unlikely due to the narrow pH range required for enzyme function.

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct representation of the relationship between acids, bases, and the pH scale?

Accepted Answer

Acids have a low pH (0–6.99) and high hydrogen ion concentration, while bases have a high pH (7.01–14) and low hydrogen ion concentration.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Buffers convert strong acids and bases into weak ones, minimizing changes in pH.

Question 8

Which of the following is true regarding the structure and function of phospholipids in cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have a polar, hydrophilic head and two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, forming a bilayer in cell membranes.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why carbon is considered the backbone of organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

Carbon is electroneutral, forms four covalent bonds, and can bond with many elements, allowing for a diversity of organic molecules.

Question 10

A dehydration synthesis reaction is best described by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A reaction in which two monomers are joined together by removing a molecule of water.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct example of a polysaccharide and its biological role?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen, which serves as the main carbohydrate storage form in animals.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions, allowing them to proceed rapidly at body temperature.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains thymine, while RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why ATP is considered the energy currency of the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP directly powers cellular work by transferring a phosphate group to other molecules, releasing energy.

Question 15

A patient is given an intravenous solution containing a high concentration of potassium ions. Which physiological effect is most likely if ionic balance is not maintained?

Accepted Answer

Disruption of nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction, potentially leading to cardiac arrest.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between a molecule and a compound?

Accepted Answer

A molecule is two or more atoms bonded together, while a compound is a molecule with two or more different kinds of atoms.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct example of an exergonic reaction in the human body?

Accepted Answer

The breakdown of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are specific to their substrates?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes have active sites with unique shapes that only fit specific substrates.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of hydrogen bonds in biological molecules?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions that help stabilize the three-dimensional structure of large molecules like proteins and DNA.

Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive – Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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