Question 1

Which of the following statements best summarizes the cell theory?

Accepted Answer

All living organisms are composed of cells, and all cells arise from preexisting cells.

Question 2

A patient receives an intravenous (IV) solution that is hypertonic relative to their red blood cells. What is the most likely outcome for the red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

The cells will lose water and shrink (crenate).

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for packaging and transporting materials within and out of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of the glycocalyx on the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a unique identifier for cells, playing a role in immune protection and cell recognition.

Question 5

A cell in the small intestine has numerous microvilli. What is the primary advantage of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Increased surface area for nutrient absorption

Question 6

Which process is described by the movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 7

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase (Synthesis phase)

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why cancer cells are dangerous to the body?

Accepted Answer

They replace functional tissue, disrupt organ function, and can metastasize to other tissues.

Question 10

A scientist observes a cell with a single, long, whip-like structure used for movement. Which structure is being observed, and in which human cell is it typically found?

Accepted Answer

Flagellum; sperm cell

Question 11

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration through a protein channel, without ATP

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of ribosomes in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of proteins

Question 13

A mutation occurs during DNA replication. Which of the following is a possible consequence?

Accepted Answer

The cell may become cancerous, die, or pass on genetic defects.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for translation.

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass while blocking others.

Question 16

A red blood cell is placed in distilled water. What will happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and possibly burst due to water entering the cell (hypotonic solution).

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of malignant tumors?

Accepted Answer

They metastasize and invade other tissues.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of aquaporins in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They facilitate the rapid movement of water across the membrane.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating osmolarity ($$O) $$given the number of solute particles ($$n) $$and the volume of solution in liters ($$V$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$O = \frac{n}{V}$$

Question 20

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that all chromosomes are properly aligned before the cell divides?

Accepted Answer

M checkpoint (Metaphase checkpoint)

Chapter 3 – Cells: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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