Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It protects the membrane against extreme temperature fluctuations by seating randomly between phospholipid tails.

Question 2

A cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell rapidly. Which type of solution is the cell most likely in, and what is the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic; water enters the cell because the cytosol has a higher solute concentration than the interstitial fluid.

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE regarding facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

It is a passive process that requires the assistance of membrane proteins to move charged or polar solutes from high to low concentration.

Question 4

Familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disorder that results in elevated blood cholesterol. Which cellular process is directly impaired in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL particles.

Question 5

Which equation best represents the relationship between the rate of diffusion ($$R$$), the concentration gradient ($$\Delta C$$), and temperature ($$T$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$R = k \cdot \Delta C \cdot T$$

Question 6

A cell is actively transporting sodium ions out and potassium ions in, both against their concentration gradients. Which process and protein are responsible for this?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport using the sodium-potassium pump.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why potassium ($$K^+) $$movement is the most important factor in establishing the resting membrane potential (RMP) of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Potassium diffuses out through leak channels, but its movement is opposed by negatively charged proteins inside the cell, resulting in a net negative charge.

Question 8

Which of the following membrane proteins is directly involved in cell-to-cell recognition by the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Identity markers ("self" antigens)

Question 9

A patient is diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease, a lysosomal storage disorder. Which cellular process is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Digestion of specific lipids in nerve cells due to lack of lysosomal enzymes

Question 10

During cell division, which structure organizes microtubules to form the mitotic spindle?

Accepted Answer

Centrosome containing a pair of centrioles

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the process of transcription?

Accepted Answer

Copying DNA to RNA using RNA polymerase, involving initiation, elongation, and termination.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that distinguishes it from the rough ER?

Accepted Answer

Detoxification of drugs and alcohol.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of microvilli on the surface of cells?

Accepted Answer

They increase plasma membrane surface area to expedite molecule transport.

Question 14

Which of the following equations correctly represents the number of chromosomes in a human diploid cell?

Accepted Answer

$$2n = 46$$

Question 15

A cell is exposed to a ligand that binds to a G protein-coupled receptor. What is the immediate cellular response?

Accepted Answer

Activation of a G protein, which binds to GTP and initiates a cascade of events within the cell.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of autophagy?

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes digest portions of damaged organelles within the cell.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins for cellular respiration

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between channel-mediated and carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Channel-mediated diffusion allows ions to pass through open or gated channels, while carrier-mediated diffusion assists small polar molecules like sugars and amino acids using carrier proteins.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why sodium's entry into cells is limited compared to potassium's exit?

Accepted Answer

There are fewer sodium leak channels in the plasma membrane compared to potassium leak channels.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process of apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Programmed cell death that promotes proper development and removal of damaged or harmful cells.

Chapter 3: Cells – The Living Units (Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes)

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