Question 1

A patient presents with symptoms of hyperglycemia. Laboratory tests reveal low insulin and high glucagon levels. Which endocrine gland and specific cell type are most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas, beta cells

Question 2

Which hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, and what is its primary physiological effect?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; increases sodium reabsorption in kidneys

Question 3

A patient with a pituitary tumor is found to have elevated levels of ACTH. Which hormone would you expect to be increased as a result, and from which adrenal cortex layer is it secreted?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol from zona fasciculata

Question 4

Which hormone is released from the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH?

Accepted Answer

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Question 5

A patient is diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Which hormone would be expected to be low in their blood?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone (TH)

Question 6

Which hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium

Question 7

A patient with Addison's disease has a deficiency in which hormone, and from which adrenal cortex layer is it primarily produced?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; zona fasciculata

Question 8

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating ovulation in females and testosterone production in males?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 9

A patient with excessive melatonin secretion may experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Sleepiness and disrupted circadian rhythm

Question 10

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates milk production in the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 11

A patient with Graves' disease has elevated levels of which hormone, and what is a common clinical sign?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone (TH); exophthalmos (bulging eyes)

Question 12

Which hormone is released from the adrenal medulla during a 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 13

A patient with high blood calcium levels is given a hormone to lower it. Which hormone is administered and from which gland is it secreted?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; thyroid gland

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells and what is its effect on blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; increases blood glucose

Question 15

A patient with Cushing's syndrome has excess production of which hormone, and what is a common physical sign?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; central obesity

Question 16

Which hormone is released from the hypothalamus to inhibit growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Question 17

A patient with low TSH and low thyroid hormone (TH) levels is most likely experiencing dysfunction in which gland?

Accepted Answer

Anterior pituitary

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by the ovarian follicles and is responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen

Question 19

A patient with diabetes insipidus has a deficiency in which hormone, and from which part of the pituitary is it secreted?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); posterior pituitary

Question 20

Which hormone is secreted by the thymus and is essential for the development of T lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Thymosin

Endocrine Glands and Hormones: Structure, Function, and Key Hormones

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